…than percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A CTO may be discovered incidentally during diagnostic angiography. Collateral vessels may maintain distal perfusion and permit visualization of the…

…STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less likely to cause STEMI because collateral…

…the left ventricle is many times larger than the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular…

…inversion of the T waves. These T waves are called post ischemic T waves and they indicate that the infarction process is more or less…

…blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with prompt reperfusion and reduction of infarct size. Earlier estimates approached 20%, whereas contemporary…

…exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery is less frequent but is considered more malignant than anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. High…

…less commonly, a mass. Tamponade occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left…

…A substantial reduction in pulmonary perfusion and the subsequent reduction in left ventricular preload lead to a cascade of hemodynamic alterations which may culminate in…

…renal sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac fibrosis through activation of the natriuretic peptide A receptor. NT proBNP is an inactive cleavage product…

…coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and function with exercise or pharmacological stress. The physiological basis is an…