…rate of decline of kidney function in a manner that extends beyond the reduction of systemic arterial pressure. This renoprotective effect involves a reduction in…

…has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause hypotension, acute kidney injury, myocardial ischaemia or cerebral hypoperfusion. Pain, anxiety, urinary retention, hypoxia…

…or without diabetes Heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of…

…depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms, with or without physical…

…and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies cardiovascular and…

…and quality of life may be equally important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is often less applicable to very frail or multimorbid patients because…

…Clinical Applications Natriuretic peptides have three principal roles: Supporting or excluding the diagnosis of HF Estimating disease severity and prognosis Contributing to longitudinal assessment and…

…tunica adventitia , respectively. Figure 1. Layers of the left ventricular wall, pericardium and ventricular cavity. The endocardium The endocardium lines the atria, ventricles and the…

…radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission…

…to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary…