…rate of decline of kidney function in a manner that extends beyond the reduction of systemic arterial pressure. This renoprotective effect involves a reduction in…

…Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic blood pressure towards 100 to 120 mmHg…

…insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes status The clearest and most consistent cardiovascular signal is reduction in hospitalization for heart failure. Benefits also include…

…The resulting haemodynamic congestion produces a characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema. This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies cardiovascular and…

…reflecting accumulated risk factors, age related reduction in cardiovascular reserve, and the increasing burden of comorbid disease. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction becomes particularly…

…renal sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac fibrosis through activation of the natriuretic peptide A receptor. NT proBNP is an inactive cleavage product…

…tunica adventitia , respectively. Figure 1. Layers of the left ventricular wall, pericardium and ventricular cavity. The endocardium The endocardium lines the atria, ventricles and the…

…radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission…

…defined as a diameter reduction of at least 50%. Severe proximal disease of both the proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex arteries may…