…imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies…

…reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left ventricle. QRS duration QRS duration is the time duration from the start to the end of…

…risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention, reduced consciousness, or when…

…this chapter, you will learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves and how to determine whether the ECG is normal or abnormal. Although heart…

…and several syndromes can overlap [1,4]. Time after a clear reduction or the last intake Common clinical picture : : 4 to 12 hours Tremor, sweating…

…the most common form of neurally mediated syncope (NMS), a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It typically occurs after attaining an upright posture or following painful…

…Refraction artifact Reflection and refraction occur when ultrasound passes tissue boundaries. Tissue boundaries represent acoustic reflectors at which some of the ultrasound energy is reflected…

…or ≥ 110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 140 and < 90 Thresholds for different measurement methods Measurement technique Faulty measurement technique is the most common cause of…

…generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material…

…is symptomatic or at risk of developing symptoms. The most common non reversible causes of sinus bradycardia are sinus node dysfunction, side effects of medications…