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Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…tightness, heaviness, burning, or discomfort in the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…troponin value above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall…

Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms

…severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque. Upon such damage…

Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes

…cardiac specific but the cTnT assays also detect proteins released from skeletal muscle. Consequently, skeletal muscle damage or inflammation may result in elevated cTnT levels…

High-Sensitivity Troponin: 0/1-Hour Rule-In and Rule-Out Algorithms

…myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rising and/or falling troponin pattern with at least one value above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit;…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically, UA is defined by one or more of the following…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric emptying is delayed — may justify charcoal later, in some cases up to 6 hours or more…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…estimated quantity the time, and whether the intake was single or repeated a modified release preparation or a combination product concurrent drugs, alcohol and illicit…

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