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Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…Clinicians often check pupil size and reactivity as part of initial and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or after return of spontaneous circulation…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…5. At the same time, start treatment that eliminates potassium from the body. 6. Check the plasma potassium after about 1 hour and follow the…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…through intimal thickening. DES release antiproliferative and anti inflammatory agents from the stent surface and have substantially reduced this process compared with BMS. Neoatherosclerosis Neoatherosclerosis…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

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