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Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…pupillary reflex. Importantly, pupillary size and reactivity are influenced by factors beyond neural activity. Systemic catecholamines released or administered during resuscitation can affect pupil to

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically, UA is defined by one or more of the following…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric emptying is delayed — may justify charcoal later, in some cases up to 6 hours or more…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…estimated quantity the time, and whether the intake was single or repeated a modified release preparation or a combination product concurrent drugs, alcohol and illicit…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute, when serial troponin values show a dynamic change, or…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…is myocardial ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…through intimal thickening. DES release antiproliferative and anti inflammatory agents from the stent surface and have substantially reduced this process compared with BMS. Neoatherosclerosis Neoatherosclerosis…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

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