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Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…presentation and symptoms Clinical presentation is heterogeneous. Patients may have: Chest pain, pressure, tightness, heaviness, or discomfort. Pain radiating to the neck, jaw, shoulders, back…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…including carbamazepine, theophylline and quinine. Repeated dosing may also be appropriate after large ingestions of modified release preparations. Contraindications Measure Contraindication : : Medicinal charcoal A reduced…

Cardiac arrest in intoxication (poisoning)

…ingested substance has the propensity to form bezoars or is a sustained release formulation. Note: activated charcoal is ineffective against alcohols, lithium, and heavy metals…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…1. Perform an ABCDE assessment, attach cardiac monitoring, secure intravenous access and record an ECG. 2. Confirm the potassium with a repeat sample, but do…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…must be taken into account). Known allergy to the preparation — rare; itching and urticaria are usually due to histamine release, not allergy. Concurrent MAO inhibitor…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children, a need for an antidote or dialysis, and whenever the clinical course deviates from what was expected…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty. The biological response therefore occurs primarily through intimal thickening. DES release antiproliferative and anti inflammatory…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is produced predominantly by atrial tissue…

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