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Quiz: ECG in athletes

…directly to an exercise ECG test without repeating the resting ECG. B: Repeat the ECG after mild aerobic activity. C: Immediately refer to a heart…

Foreign body in the ear and nose

…available. Do not then try "by feel" — refer to ENT. Relative — a low threshold for referral: Marked swelling or inflammation around the object. A small…

Noradrenaline, Dobutamine and Levosimendan: Practical Infusion Use

…provide a detailed description of the physical examination maneuvers specific to the evaluation of patients requiring these infusions. However, it establishes that the clinical evaluation…

🟠 Prasugrel (Effient, Efient, Prasita)

…of severe bleeding. Particular caution is required for: Patients aged ≥ 75 years. Patients with a tendency to bleed (e.g., due to recent trauma, surgery…

The chain of survival in sudden cardiac arrest

…instructing a layperson to perform chest compressions on an unconscious individual. The potential benefit outweighs the risks. Several studies have demonstrated that bystander CPR performed…

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusions: Indications and Outcomes

…basis for intervention. The source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile, physical examination pattern or biomarker signature specific to CTOs. Evaluation and physical…

Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or referred hypertension…

Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease)

…Whenever oxygen demand exceeds oxygen (blood) delivery ischemia occurs and this manifests with chest discomfort referred to as angina pectoris. If the physical activity ceases…

Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)

…arrhythmias. While a detailed understanding of these mechanisms is not essential for all clinicians, it is reasonable to acquire an understanding of the overarching concepts…

Principles and Preparations for Echocardiographic Examinations

…equipped with an increasing number of methods to interrogate organ structure and function. Ultrasound imaging, including echocardiography, has become a standard tool for clinicians worldwide…

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