…gel is recommended. In addition to the gel, it is important to apply some pressure when holding the transducer against the skin. Patients with extensive…

…mass. Waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio provide additional information about visceral adiposity and may correlate more closely with outcomes than BMI, particularly…

…seizure lasting at least 5 minutes, or repeated generalised tonic clonic seizures without the patient regaining consciousness between them. Five minutes is the practical threshold…

…a high index of suspicion for drug induced arrhythmias in patients receiving agents known to alter the electrical properties of the heart (inducing QRS or…

…metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, which is subsequently converted by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate. The remaining fraction is excreted unchanged in urine, perspiration…

…bridging is an anatomical variant in which a segment of an epicardial coronary artery passes through the myocardium rather than remaining on the epicardial surface…

…for approximately 90% of renal glucose reabsorption. The remaining glucose is reabsorbed by SGLT1 in the S3 segment. SGLT2 also mediates proximal tubular sodium reabsorption…

…with prolonged periods of no blood flow, due to the reduced metabolic rate that accompanies declining body temperature. For every 1°C reduction in body temperature…

…the myocardium, pericardium, perivalvular (adjacent to the valves), etc. Cardiac tumors cause nonspecific symptoms that depend on the size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects…

…heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to the malformation, these subjects frequently develop associated complications…

…possible — compress the bursa with your hand to press the remaining fluid down. 5. If a corticosteroid is to be given: hold the needle still…

…Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and follow up — relative, but in practice decisive…

…As of 2025, it is recommended to use the CHA₂DS₂ VA score for stroke risk assessment in atrial fibrillation patients. By excluding the sex parameter…

…exists for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh Class C). Pediatric population Safety and efficacy…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Pharmacokinetic Considerations Relevant to Dosing Amiodarone exhibits highly variable and complex pharmacokinetics that profoundly influence its dosing strategies. The drug…

…atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…moderate to severe renal impairment increase the likelihood of digitalis intoxication even at therapeutic doses. Diagnostics Electrocardiography and Electrophysiology Electrocardiographic evaluation of patients receiving digoxin…

…Chronotropic response, blood pressure behaviour and the development of arrhythmias provide additional information concerning cardiovascular reserve and electrical stability. Clinical indications Suspected chronic coronary syndrome…

…ACS Approximately 20–25% additional reduction compared with simvastatin monotherapy Bempedoic acid plus ezetimibe Approximately 38% reduction PCSK9 inhibitor added to statin therapy Approximately 60…

…used as an adjunct to dietary measures and maximally tolerated statin therapy, with or without other LDL C lowering drugs, when additional LDL C reduction…

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

…lowering agent in patients receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy whose LDL C is ≥70 mg/dL (≥1.8 mmol/L). Reasonable addition of a non…

…including in patients receiving background statin therapy and in those unable to tolerate statins, provided that hepatic LDL receptor expression is present. Additional lipid effects…

…24 hour urine collection for electrolytes can be used to quantify sodium and potassium intake, preferably while the patient is receiving a stable diuretic dose…

…block is uncommon unless the patient is receiving digoxin. The ventricular rate is regular, typically ranging from 100 to 250 beats per minute in atrial…

…debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2] . The process initiates with endothelial dysfunction, a…

…several electrodes. The standard ECG – which is referred to as a 12 lead ECG since it includes 12 leads – is obtained using 10 electrodes. These…