…exercise). The more severe the stenosis, the more pronounced the symptoms. Stable angina pectoris is diagnosed by means of exercise stress testing (exercise ECG). The…

…block (BBB) or an intraventricular conduction defect. In severe cases, bradycardia may progress to hemodynamic instability, presenting as shock or cardiac arrest manifesting as bradyarrhythmic…

…infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Stress echocardiography is a functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to estimate prognosis in patients…

…Pharmacologic stress tests are indicated in the following scenarios: Inability to exercise due to physical limitations. Contraindications to exercise, such as unstable angina, severe aortic…

…requiring the most rapid BP response. The objective is to reduce aortic wall shear stress and rapidly lower systolic pressure. Renal and microvascular complications Renal…

…C reduction, including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to…

…Most cardioinhibitory events are due to sinus bradycardia, though transient atrioventricular (AV) block can also occur. The physiologic response to orthostatic stress is incompletely understood…

…to severe aortic stenosis with uncertain relation to symptoms Tachyarrhythmias with uncontrolled ventricular rates Acquired advanced or complete heart block Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with severe…

…is generally similar to that in non pregnant patients, although symptoms may be atypical. Pregnant patients with SCAD may have a more severe presentation than…

…will alleviate the ischemia, improve myocardial function and increase resistance to episodes of more severe myocardial ischemia. Collateral circulation may be very effective in reducing…