…These two measures – i.e switching to anaerobic metabolism and discontinuing the contractions – enables the myocardium to endure 20 to 30 minutes of severe ischemia…

…in older patients and those exhibiting a bundle branch block (BBB) or an intraventricular conduction defect. In severe cases, bradycardia may progress to hemodynamic instability…

…a reduction in global LVEF and transient LV cavity dilatation during stress. Stress echocardiography can also provide information beyond regional wall motion, including: Global and…

…no isolated BP value is sufficient Severe elevation Acute HMOD Present Absent clinically Symptoms Often present and related to the affected organ May be absent…

…can also occur. The physiologic response to orthostatic stress is incompletely understood, but redistribution of blood volume and increased ventricular contractility occur consistently. Exaggerated activation…

…C reduction, including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to…

…precludes safe and adequate testing Relative contraindications Known obstructive left main coronary artery stenosis Moderate to severe aortic stenosis with uncertain relation to symptoms Tachyarrhythmias…

…Pharmacologic stress tests are indicated in the following scenarios: Inability to exercise due to physical limitations. Contraindications to exercise, such as unstable angina, severe aortic…

…will alleviate the ischemia, improve myocardial function and increase resistance to episodes of more severe myocardial ischemia. Collateral circulation may be very effective in reducing…

…chronic mental stress. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos…