…impaired consciousness or new onset marked weakness rapidly progressive symptoms from several organ systems severe abdominal pain or repeated vomiting after probable allergen exposure sudden…

…kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine value alone but by the course, urine…

…combination with new or progressive acute target organ damage. Common manifestations are hypertensive encephalopathy, intracerebral haemorrhage, acute coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary…

…chest findings, MAP and the response to every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness…

…is a rapidly progressive syndrome characterized by systemic congestion resulting from impaired RV filling and/or reduced RV output. Recognition of this syndrome is critical…

…immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical deterioration may be abrupt or progressive, and cardiogenic shock may develop rapidly. Ventricular septal rupture VSR typically causes…

…occlusion and on the adequacy of collateral blood flow. Ischaemia initially produces pain and sensory disturbance. With progression, motor dysfunction develops, followed by profound anaesthesia…

…is relatively uncommon in the first decade, rises progressively through adulthood and becomes less steep in later life, although diagnoses may still occur after the…

…ECG example 6. Sinus rhythm, rapid progression of R waves in precordial leads. Slight ST segment elevation in leads V2 V3, which is normal in…

…Progression from coarse ventricular fibrillation (VF) to fine VF. CPR re induces coarse VF by means of increasing coronary blood flow. In circumstances with non…

Echocardiography Standardized myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods…

…Lathundar Key message Fever in a neutropenic patient is an emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint…

…channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective…

…ECG) To ensure effective cardiac pumping function, the atria and the ventricles must be activated rapidly and sequentially. Rapid activation is important in order to…

…analyze sound waves. The crystals alternate rapidly between sending and analyzing ultrasound. Therefore, emitted sound waves can be associated with reflected sound waves, making it…

…the key parameters. Ideally, relaxation should proceed rapidly and the ventricle should expand substantially. This requires that the myocardium has high compliance , a term used…

…must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival. Several actions must be executed systematically and rapidly. These actions constitute the chain of survival (…

…held with one hand and its position and angle are adjusted to send ultrasound waves through structures to be visualized. Ultrasound waves are emitted rapidly…

…2. Confirm the potassium with a repeat sample, but do not delay treatment when there are ECG changes, circulatory compromise or a very strong clinical…

…alone [2]. A markedly raised blood pressure without acute organ damage should as a rule not be lowered rapidly with intravenous drugs. Restart or optimise…

…salicylate poisoning, intubation with an inadequate minute ventilation can rapidly worsen the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss…

Info This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…enlarge by approximately 1.5–2 mm per year, whereas larger aneurysms generally expand more rapidly. Rapid enlargement is defined in the source recommendations as…

…identify life threatening diagnoses rapidly, and select a safe disposition and diagnostic strategy. Only a minority of patients presenting with acute chest pain ultimately have…

…course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and…

…ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can occur rapidly after reperfusion, with recovery generally occurring within one week. By contrast, chronic hypoperfusion…

…Atrial flutter causes characteristic ECG changes, as discussed below. Atrial flutter tends to accompany atrial fibrillation, although some individuals may only present with atrial flutter…

…of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s. Beta blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)…

…of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s. Beta blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)…

Cardiology This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…trend towards increased use of cardiac devices in general, it is crucial to be familiar with these devices. This section is devoted to artificial pacemakers…

…immediately after systole. The entire ventricular myocardium must relax rapidly during diastole, such that the ventricle can expand (relax) and refill with blood. Although diastole…

…Moreover, there are pronounced variations in flow during each phase, with rapidly accelerating flow in early systole, decelerating flow in late systole, and no flow…

…which decreases with increasing distance from the transducer. Frame rate The two dimensional image must be updated rapidly and continuously in order to obtain a…

…withstand large pressure increases but at a certain threshold, pressure rises rapidly with further volume increases. This is explained by the existence of an upper…

…failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal chest pain or unilaterally reduced breath sounds Consider pneumothorax New arrhythmia or ischaemic ECG changes Concomitant…

…below apply to adults unless otherwise stated, and paediatric doses are given per kilogram with the stated maximum. Always check against the local guideline and…

…Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated units of red cells. Gastrointestinal bleeding with shock and…

…lactate or metabolic acidosis repeated fresh haematemesis haematochezia in combination with circulatory compromise a rapidly falling haemoglobin after fluid treatment has been started a continuing…

…Pathophysiology Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac…

…hypertension mediated target organ damage (HMOD). The European definition uses BP ≥180/110 mmHg with acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP…

…changes are frequently misunderstood. The transition from the ST segment to the T wave should be smooth. The normal T wave is somewhat asymmetric, with…

…Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are commonly mild. A rapidly developing or large effusion is clinically more concerning because it may lead to…

…segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an acute myocardial infarction associated with a working diagnosis of persistent ST segment elevation or an accepted equivalent in…

…Ezzati et al, Lim et al ). Approximately 90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is…

…of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome)…

…display such secondary ST T changes; the absence of such changes should lead to suspicion of ischemia (if the patient has symptoms consistent with ischemia)…

…foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac Arrest) : Sudden and unexpected cardiac arrest with loss of mechanical cardiac function. Results in loss of consciousness…

…range of experimental and clinical studies. The electrical phase and circulatory phase are explained by cellular changes in the myocardium. The last phase is multifactorial…