…impaired consciousness or new onset marked weakness rapidly progressive symptoms from several organ systems severe abdominal pain or repeated vomiting after probable allergen exposure sudden…

…kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine value alone but by the course, urine…

…progressive acute target organ damage. Common manifestations are hypertensive encephalopathy, intracerebral haemorrhage, acute coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary oedema, acute aortic syndrome…

…chest findings, MAP and the response to every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness…

…is a rapidly progressive syndrome characterized by systemic congestion resulting from impaired RV filling and/or reduced RV output. Recognition of this syndrome is critical…

…immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical deterioration may be abrupt or progressive, and cardiogenic shock may develop rapidly. Ventricular septal rupture VSR typically causes…

…exceed available blood flow. The resulting ischaemia threatens skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves and may progress rapidly to irreversible tissue injury. Skeletal muscle and nerves…

…is relatively uncommon in the first decade, rises progressively through adulthood and becomes less steep in later life, although diagnoses may still occur after the…

…ECG example 6. Sinus rhythm, rapid progression of R waves in precordial leads. Slight ST segment elevation in leads V2 V3, which is normal in…

…into asystole. The gradual progression from coarse VF to fine VF and finally asystole is the result of diminishing ATP concentration in the myocardium. ATP…

Echocardiography Standardized myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods…

…Lathundar Key message Fever in a neutropenic patient is an emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint…

…channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective…

…ECG) To ensure effective cardiac pumping function, the atria and the ventricles must be activated rapidly and sequentially. Rapid activation is important in order to…

…This is accomplished by using the same piezoelectric crystals to send and analyze sound waves. The crystals alternate rapidly between sending and analyzing ultrasound. Therefore…

…the key parameters. Ideally, relaxation should proceed rapidly and the ventricle should expand substantially. This requires that the myocardium has high compliance , a term used…

…must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival. Several actions must be executed systematically and rapidly. These actions constitute the chain of survival (…

…to send ultrasound waves through structures to be visualized. Ultrasound waves are emitted rapidly from the transducer. These sound waves travel through tissues and fluids…

…the first choice, since it provides more elemental calcium per millilitre and can be given rapidly through secure intravenous or intraosseous access. Grading There is…

…alone [2]. A markedly raised blood pressure without acute organ damage should as a rule not be lowered rapidly with intravenous drugs. Restart or optimise…

…a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation, chest movement and…

…channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective…

…enlarge by approximately 1.5–2 mm per year, whereas larger aneurysms generally expand more rapidly. Rapid enlargement is defined in the source recommendations as…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Framework Chest pain is a broad clinical syndrome rather than a narrowly defined symptom. It includes…

…disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains…

…myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble primary dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly when angina or a previous myocardial infarction (MI…

…right atrium and it typically loops around the tricuspid valve. Impulses spread rapidly through the atria from this re entry circuit. Examples of atrial flutter…

…of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s. Beta blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)…

…of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s. Beta blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)…

…channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective…

…Principles of myocardial excitability and the conduction system Achieving an effective pumping mechanism requires the atria and the ventricles to be activated rapidly and sequentially…

…Diastole starts immediately after systole. The entire ventricular myocardium must relax rapidly during diastole, such that the ventricle can expand (relax) and refill with blood…

…Moreover, there are pronounced variations in flow during each phase, with rapidly accelerating flow in early systole, decelerating flow in late systole, and no flow…

…from right to left and then from left to right, and this is repeated rapidly. To create an image sector of 90° width and 15…

…left ventricular pressure. This is explained by the fact that the left ventricle is capable of relaxing and expanding rapidly during diastole. The term compliance…

…Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered [1]. Do the following early: 1. Assess airway, work of breathing…

…titrated Fluid 500–1,000 mL Ringer's acetate rapidly 20 mL/kg Nebulised adrenaline 2 mg neb for stridor 2 mg neb Salbutamol 5…

…A ruptured aortic aneurysm or another major vascular bleed. Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated…

…metabolic acidosis repeated fresh haematemesis haematochezia in combination with circulatory compromise a rapidly falling haemoglobin after fluid treatment has been started a continuing transfusion requirement…

…respectively. Pharmacokinetics and Administration Technique Adenosine is extensively and rapidly cleared from the plasma by cellular uptake into erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. It is…

…requiring the most rapid BP response. The objective is to reduce aortic wall shear stress and rapidly lower systolic pressure. Renal and microvascular complications Renal…

…to the end of the QRS complex. A short QRS complex implies that the ventricles are depolarized rapidly, which in turn implies that the electrical…

…is 1–2 weeks after AMI, although descriptions of the syndrome include a broader interval of approximately 1–8 weeks. The pathogenesis is presumed to…

…patients without severe ischaemia. Evaluation and Physical Examination The initial evaluation should be structured to establish a working diagnosis of STEMI rapidly, identify haemodynamic or…

…hypertension. It is estimated that between 15% and 37% of the global population have hypertension and the prevalence is increasing rapidly ( Pulter et al, Lim…

…Compensatory mechanisms may alleviate the condition temporarily, but the elevated left atrial pressure will rapidly propagate to the pulmonary circulation and cause pulmonary edema. Also…

…upsloping ST segment. The depression in the J 60 point is usually <1 mm and it resolves rapidly once the exercise is stopped. Some experts…

…minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow there is no cerebral perfusion and brain damage progresses rapidly. Low flow : The circulation …

…serial myocardial biopsies after inducing VF. As evident in Figure 1, ATP concentrations decline rapidly. After 5 minutes of VF, approximately 50% of the ATP…