…Stable chest pain CCTA is recommended as an initial test for diagnosing CAD in stable patients with: Low clinical likelihood or no previous diagnosis of…

…eyes using saline solution (NaCl) if suspected of toxin exposure. Gastrointestinal lavage is infrequently employed due to aspiration risks and inconclusive evidence. However, in cases…

…Radiation exposure of approximately 1–1.5 mSv with contemporary techniques The total CAC burden should be reported using the Agatston score. A complete report…

…causing minimal radiation exposure. It is metabolically inert and diffuses freely across cell membranes, allowing for precise quantification of myocardial blood flow and assessment of…

…may not be predictably exertional or relieved by rest or nitroglycerine. Symptoms should therefore be described in detail, followed by objective evaluation for obstructive disease,

…mitral valve results in reduced E wave velocity during inhalation. Since the left ventricle is not filled normally, there is more room for the right…

…cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction system occurs more…

…functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to estimate prognosis in patients with suspected or established coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

…avoids ionizing radiation and contrast agents, and accurately identifies abdominal aortic enlargement. Screening reduces aneurysm related mortality in populations with a high prevalence of AAA…

…5–10%, although some series report 10–20%. Other life threatening cardiopulmonary conditions account for approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively…

…penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury. In classic dissection, an intimal tear permits blood to enter the diseased aortic media. Blood then…

…costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to the trapezius ridge is not seen in STEMI and suggests pericarditis instead. Pain is not uniformly present…

…necrosis and cardiac troponin elevation, although not every patient with an initial STEMI pattern has myocardial infarction as the final diagnosis. The underlying process usually…

…For details, refer to chapter The Coronary Arteries. Mitral valve disease A wide range of conditions may cause mitral valve disease, which results in changes…

…ECG changes and clinical features The pericardium is a double walled sac in which the heart and the roots of the great vessels are contained…

…to previous ECG recordings if such are available. ST T changes are extremely common in every population. For example, almost 80% of men display ST…

…MI). MI denotes cardiomyocyte necrosis occurring in the clinical setting of acute myocardial ischaemia and is diagnosed according to the fourth universal definition of MI…

…particularly in females, the elderly, or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for…