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In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention. Mechanical mechanisms…

Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…quick reference applies chiefly to adults with neutropenia related to cancer treatment. Children, pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with…

Heart failure: Causes, types, diagnosis, treatments & management

…failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by…

Heart failure: Introduction

…failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by…

Pulmonary embolism: quick reference for risk stratification and treatment

…unless there is an absolute contraindication. The agent and dose are according to the local protocol. Alternatives when there is a contraindication: catheter directed treatment…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…plumbing problem characterized by the gradual accumulation of inert cholesterol debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to…

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…massive haemorrhage a second problem is added: transfusion saves no one whose bleeding is not stopped, and it is the time to haemorrhage control that…

Lung function and respiration

…age, height and ethnicity — not against absolute figures. Since 2022 the z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the…

A new ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death

…are too costly or invasive to screen a population. The surface ECG is the obvious cheap, standardized, universally available alternative, and it has been mined…

Acquired QT Prolongation and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia

…predisposes the myocardium to a specific form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) known as torsades de pointes (TdP). Drug induced LQTS and TdP represent a…

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