…these findings increase diagnostic confidence. The presence of symptoms alone is insufficient. Anaemia and pulmonary, renal, thyroid or hepatic disease may produce a similar symptom…

…mmol/L (55 mg/dL) to reduce cardiovascular risk. 1. Assess Prior Treatment • No prior treatment, low dose, or low intensity lipid lowering therapy: • Start…

…of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event…

…with few exceptions. Prior to the Doppler era, hemodynamic assessments were performed by means of right heart catheterization (with Swan Ganz catheter [ pulmonary artery catheter…

…Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min or dialysis dependent (3 points) Age ≥75 years: (2 points) Prior Bleeding: History of any prior…

…the HEMORR₂HAGES Score The acronym HEMORR₂HAGES represents the following parameters: H epatic or renal disease (1 point) E thanol abuse (1 point) M alignancy (1…

…efficacy as compared with nicardipine. Labetalol is safe in patients with coronary artery disease since it does not increase heart rate, and reduces myocardial oxygen…

…which further enhances the effects of angiotensin suppression. In the context of chronic kidney disease, ACE inhibitors slow the rate of decline of kidney function…

…source material does not cover the baseline physical examination of patients prior to sotalol initiation. Diagnostics Electrocardiography (ECG) Electrocardiographic monitoring is central to the safe…

…involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right ventricular involvement Pre existing abnormalities such as prior infarction, left bundle branch block, Wolff–Parkinson–White…

…Hypertension 1 Age ≥75 years 2 Diabetes mellitus 1 Prior stroke or TIA 2 Vascular disease 1 Age 65–74 years 1 Female sex 1…

…block): definition, causes, diagnosis & management This article covers the fundamental principles of atrioventricular (AV) blocks, which are classified into three types: first degree, second degree…

…ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead ECG require that ECG changes occur in two…

…same actions (1 through 3) can be carried out by anyone, including laymen without prior training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Prompt delivery of chest compressions…

…referred to as precordial leads . This article will discuss the ECG leads in detail and no prior knowledge is required. Note that the terms unipolar…

…sudden cardiac arrest have ventricular fibrillation prior to the cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause…

…the cardioversion itself. Duration reliably under 48 hours: cardioversion has traditionally been possible without prior anticoagulation. The 2024 ESC guidelines and several Swedish clinical knowledge…

…points) D: Diabetes Mellitus (1 point) S: Prior Stroke or TIA or thromboembolism (2 points) V: Vascular disease (1 point) A: Age 65 to 74…

…the absence of a pacemaker. Use of intravenous rhythm control antiarrhythmics (class I and class III) within 4 hours prior to, as well as in…

…altered when atrial activation is modified by cardiac surgery involving atrial tissue, extensive prior radiofrequency ablation, advanced atrial disease, or the use of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure; congestive heart failure; prior stroke; emergency coronary angiography or PCI; cardiogenic shock…

…when additional LDL C reduction is required, including in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The broader therapeutic principle is that…

…and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices. Implantable loop recorders are diagnostic devices rather than pacing or defibrillation systems, but their stored data may also be…

…ECG. Evaluation includes prompt measurement of vital signs and a focused examination directed toward both alternative diagnoses and high risk features of acute coronary syndrome…

…to established reversible myocardial ischaemia in either of two settings: Obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) that cannot be controlled despite escalation of antianginal medical therapy…

…It is a PCI related myocardial infarction when angiography or autopsy documents thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled…

…to 90°. If the electrical axis is 30° to 45, probable LAFB may be diagnosed. QRS duration <0,12 seconds but slightly prolonged. aVL shows…

…to the AV node (prenodal blocks) First degree AV block may actually be due to the slowing of impulse conduction prior to the AV node…

…non ischemic causes, a distinction that fundamentally alters diagnostic work up and device therapy eligibility. Ischemic cardiomyopathy, defined by significant CAD (prior MI, diffuse microvascular…

Cardiology Indications for myocardial perfusion imaging Diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) : Myocardial perfusion imaging can confirm or rule out CAD in patients with symptoms…

…the atria are activated prior to the ventricles, a retrograde P wave will be visible in leads II, III and aVF prior to the QRS…

…cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management…

…Bagnardi, V., Zareba, W., & Priori, S. G. (2022). Independent validation and clinical implications of the risk prediction model for long QT syndrome (1 2 3…

…Bagnardi, V., Zareba, W., & Priori, S. G. (2022). Independent validation and clinical implications of the risk prediction model for long QT syndrome (1 2 3…