…the result meaningfully increases the likelihood of disease and can justify further investigation or treatment. Testing is therefore not an automatic response to chest pain…

…reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically, patients may present with: Absent breath sounds on the…

…indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably, the presence of dilated, nonreactive pupils 48 hours post cardiac arrest…

…hours after the onset of infarction. The presence of such Q waves should raise suspicion of ischemia/infarction as the underlying cause. In cardiac arrest…

…and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest is high and pharmacological interventions are frequently futile. It is often necessary…

…one of the following criteria present: haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac…

…Definition and pathophysiology Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) include permanent pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices. Implantable loop recorders are…

…al. ). Figure 1 presents data from the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry, which has recorded causes of cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies…

…is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions…

…without the presence of acute atherothrombosis. Type 3 MI: Describes cardiac death in patients with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia and presumed new ischaemic ECG…

…In contrast, haemodynamically stable patients without ST segment elevation after successful resuscitation from out of hospital cardiac arrest should not routinely undergo immediate angiography. A…

…dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More…

…be ignored. The most common situation is when assessing aortic stenosis in the presence of a narrowing of the LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract). Such…

…Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO, rather than rigid ECG thresholds…

…the term perimyocarditis . Hemodynamic effects of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Intrapericardial pressure increases as fluid accumulates in the pericardial space. Intrapericardial pressure may reach…

…with oxygen demands. Depending on several factors– including the severity of the stenosis/occlusion, microvascular function, myocardial oxygen extraction, presence of collateral circulation, etc –ischemia…

…acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in the presence of inflammation Transferrin saturation 15–50 % < 15 % indicates iron deficiency…

…or a very strong clinical suspicion. 3. Give intravenous calcium in the presence of hyperkalaemic ECG changes or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…the broader assessment of peripheral arterial and aortic disease; planned surgery, especially carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or major non cardiac surgery…

…electrocardiographic changes, and with or without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the presenting electrocardiogram (ECG) and the presence of troponin elevation, ACS…

…first choice, but today the majority of patients can only be assessed using echocardiography. A common question is the presence of right ventricular load. This…

…right atrial pressure. Levosimendan represents a distinct class of inodilator. It enhances myocardial contractility and induces peripheral vasodilation through cardiac myofilament calcium sensitisation. This process…

…HF) in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50%, accompanied by objective evidence of structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities and…

…presence of heart failure. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with acquired QT prolongation and drug induced TdP typically present with near syncope, syncope, or cardiac…

…neither of these abnormalities in the presence of abnormal clinical risk assessment. Low risk PE is characterized by clinical low risk features, negative cardiac biomarkers…

…active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells normally regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette…

…Thus, the presence of non obstructive epicardial arteries does not exclude a coronary cause of symptoms. CCS is a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently…

…the interaction between the cardiac and renal axes may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with…

…and how PCI was performed. The need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives…

…leads generally indicates very severe ischemia [15]. A key distinguishing feature of ischemic ST elevation is the presence of prominent reciprocal ST depression [4]. Furthermore…

…presence of symptoms alone is insufficient. Anaemia and pulmonary, renal, thyroid or hepatic disease may produce a similar symptom complex; in the absence of cardiac…

…possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia or infarction, acute heart failure, or pulmonary oedema. Patients may present…

…Evaluation should establish: The triglyceride concentration and whether the sample was fasting or non fasting. The presence of ASCVD, peripheral arterial disease or aortic disease…

…and V6; occasional RS pattern in V5 and V6 [3] Presence of LVH pattern; slurring and notching of the tall R wave upstroke [3, 7…

…on lesion location, severity, length, the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation. Flow limitation may be clinically silent, manifest as exertional symptoms, or progress…

…pleural incision may expose cardiac antigens and initiate an inflammatory response. The presence of antibodies directed against cardiac tissue, the latent interval of several weeks…

…on the magnitude of the stressor, the presence of non cardiac comorbidities, and the extent of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) and structural cardiac abnormalities…

…on the right side can compromise venous return to the right ventricle. Therefore, in the presence of a tamponade, chest compressions have limited efficacy. Furthermore…

…the components of the ventricular conduction system, including the right bundle branch (RBBB). In the presence of right bundle branch block, depolarization of the right…

…and cardiac troponin findings. The default treatment after ACS, whether or not PCI is performed, is 12 months of DAPT unless there is a contraindication…

…myocardial oxygen requirements, principally through increased heart rate and contractility. In the presence of a flow limiting coronary stenosis, supply cannot increase adequately. Ischaemia begins…

…axis is a valuable diagnostic step. While a normal ECG does not definitively exclude PH, the presence of RAD significantly raises the clinical suspicion [9]

…this combination is associated with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), in non obstructive coronary arteries…

…The inhibition of pacing is appropriate when there is intrinsic cardiac activity; the presence of spontaneous atrial or ventricular activity should inhibit pacing in the…

…of them are myxomas and next papillary fibroelastoma is most common. Among children, rhabdomyoma is most common. Myxoma Myxoma is the most common primary cardiac…

…These assays, referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible…

…Similarly, the development of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been extremely valuable. Echocardiography is used to assess the morphology of valves, the presence of vegetations, hemodynamic…

…acute myocardial infarction in order to assess the presence of myocardial ischemia, evaluate angina pectoris, evaluate exercise performance, evaluate the effect of interventions and medications…

…symptoms, and ECG changes. Although the risk of cardiac arrest is very small, personnel must be well trained in resuscitation. Subject preparations The procedure must…

…To address these challenges, researchers have developed ECG criteria designed to identify ischemia in the presence of left bundle branch block. The most widely recognized…

…R wave in V5 and V6. Secondary ST T changes occur invariably in the presence of LBBB. The following ECG criteria and characteristics are used…

…hinges entirely on the presence of myocardial necrosis. NSTEMI is confirmed by a typical rise and/or fall of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn…

…of perfusion are essential. The abrupt arterial obstruction may result from progression of peripheral arterial disease, cardiac or aortic embolisation, acute aortic dissection, thrombosis of…

…physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment Coronary angiography Invasive coronary angiography defines: The presence and severity of left main stenosis Ostial, shaft or distal bifurcation…

…multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus presence. These factors…

…of the diagnosis. 3. Palpate the pulses and measure the ankle brachial index with Doppler. 4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of…

…a fractional excretion of urea below 35 % is a better alternative. Follow up At an eGFR below 60, or in the presence of albuminuria: check…

…ACS, AF may be present before the acute event, detected for the first time during its management, or arise during the course of treatment. Even…

…HFrEF. Clinical evaluation should define: The severity of symptoms and functional limitation. Evidence of congestion or fluid retention. The presence of precipitating or aggravating conditions…