…present. • Can be given as a bolus. • Effective if bradycardia is caused by beta blockers. Dopamine Dopamine receptor agonist, α and β agonist Infusion of…

…blood flow is maintained (for example, high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation or partial ROSC), the midbrain may receive enough oxygen to preserve some pupillary reflex. Importantly…

…of an epicardial coronary artery (i.e. STEMI), pathological Q waves can develop already within 2 hours after the onset of infarction. The presence of…

…The absence of symptoms indicates that the bradycardia is compensated by an increase in stroke volume. Symptomatic bradycardia may present with chronic or acute symptoms…

…I C If time from symptom onset is 12 h, a primary PCI strategy is indicated in the presence of ongoing ischemic symptoms, haemodynamic instability…

…the presence of CRT, the type and location of surgery, and the anticipated current pathway. In a pacing dependent patient, inhibition of pacemaker output may…

…heart failure or after myocardial infarction). Ventricular arrhythmias are easier to induce in the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. A substrate is defined as a physiological…

…ACS is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment…

…without the presence of acute atherothrombosis. Type 3 MI: Describes cardiac death in patients with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia and presumed new ischaemic ECG…

… Is the clinical likelihood of true NSTE ACS low enough that non invasive evaluation is more appropriate? The presence of extensive comorbidity may alter the…

…dyspnoea, and the presence of risk factors or previously identified coronary calcification. Age and sex remain important determinants of the expected prevalence of obstructive CAD…

…factors. Plaque erosion Plaque erosion is increasingly recognized and is present in at least one third of acute coronary syndromes in the cited material. Eroded…

…be ignored. The most common situation is when assessing aortic stenosis in the presence of a narrowing of the LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract). Such…

CPR Pneumothorax Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in…

…Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO, rather than rigid ECG thresholds…

…right ventricular free wall is being compressed by the fluid. Video source.gif). ECG changes caused by pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Small amounts of…

…with oxygen demands. Depending on several factors– including the severity of the stenosis/occlusion, microvascular function, myocardial oxygen extraction, presence of collateral circulation, etc –ischemia…

…acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in the presence of inflammation Transferrin saturation 15–50 % < 15 % indicates iron deficiency…

…or a very strong clinical suspicion. 3. Give intravenous calcium in the presence of hyperkalaemic ECG changes or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…is also a marker of systemic cardiovascular risk. The presence of a carotid bruit is associated with approximately double the risk of myocardial infarction and…

…without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the presenting electrocardiogram (ECG) and the presence of troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina…

…etc. Right ventricular load is thus an issue that is raised both in outpatient and emergency care. To evaluate the presence of right ventricular load…

…progression of right heart failure may indicate the need for inodilator therapy. Furthermore, acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant…

…vascular stiffening, and distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type…

…pathways. Proarrhythmic events occur in 5% to 10% of patients receiving antiarrhythmic agents, and this risk is amplified in the presence of heart failure. Clinical…

…either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in the presence of abnormal clinical risk assessment. Low risk PE is characterized by…

…active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells normally regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette…

…Thus, the presence of non obstructive epicardial arteries does not exclude a coronary cause of symptoms. CCS is a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently…

…may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to…

…The need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two…

…leads generally indicates very severe ischemia [15]. A key distinguishing feature of ischemic ST elevation is the presence of prominent reciprocal ST depression [4]. Furthermore…

…the diagnosis of heart failure is clinically secure and the LVEF measurement is reliable. Nevertheless, these findings increase diagnostic confidence. The presence of symptoms alone…

…neurological deficits. Neurological involvement Hypertensive encephalopathy may present with somnolence, lethargy, tonic–clonic seizures, cortical blindness, and, in advanced cases, loss of consciousness. Focal neurological…

…Evaluation should establish: The triglyceride concentration and whether the sample was fasting or non fasting. The presence of ASCVD, peripheral arterial disease or aortic disease…

…and V6; occasional RS pattern in V5 and V6 [3] Presence of LVH pattern; slurring and notching of the tall R wave upstroke [3, 7…

…on lesion location, severity, length, the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation. Flow limitation may be clinically silent, manifest as exertional symptoms, or progress…

…In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate. Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are…

…setting of acute or chronic heart failure are often better categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type 2 MI frequently present…

…former). Even small pressure elevations on the right side can compromise venous return to the right ventricle. Therefore, in the presence of a tamponade, chest…

…components of the ventricular conduction system, including the right bundle branch (RBBB). In the presence of right bundle branch block, depolarization of the right ventricle…

…the presence of at least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does not provide the individual ARC HBR criteria. Modification of…

…myocardial oxygen requirements, principally through increased heart rate and contractility. In the presence of a flow limiting coronary stenosis, supply cannot increase adequately. Ischaemia begins…

…severe pulmonary stenosis, alongside right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and right atrial enlargement [8]. RAD is present in most cases of significant RVH, although it is…

…this combination is associated with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), in non obstructive coronary arteries…

…The inhibition of pacing is appropriate when there is intrinsic cardiac activity; the presence of spontaneous atrial or ventricular activity should inhibit pacing in the…

…in the left atrium (most of them originate from the atrial septum). In 15 20% of cases, the tumor is localized in the right atrium…

…referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect…

…Similarly, the development of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been extremely valuable. Echocardiography is used to assess the morphology of valves, the presence of vegetations, hemodynamic…

…acute myocardial infarction in order to assess the presence of myocardial ischemia, evaluate angina pectoris, evaluate exercise performance, evaluate the effect of interventions and medications…

…for careful consideration of contraindications. Contraindications may be absolute or relative. Briefly, exercise stress testing must not be performed in the presence of absolute contraindications…

…To address these challenges, researchers have developed ECG criteria designed to identify ischemia in the presence of left bundle branch block. The most widely recognized…

…R wave in V5 and V6. Secondary ST T changes occur invariably in the presence of LBBB. The following ECG criteria and characteristics are used…

…and UA hinges entirely on the presence of myocardial necrosis. NSTEMI is confirmed by a typical rise and/or fall of high sensitivity cardiac troponin …

…establish: The time of symptom onset and the rate of progression The location and severity of pain The presence and extent of sensory loss Any…

…is present without anatomical or physiological criteria supporting revascularisation. Evaluation and Physical Examination Assessment should establish both clinical risk and the feasibility of complete revascularisation…

…multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus presence. These factors…

…of the diagnosis. 3. Palpate the pulses and measure the ankle brachial index with Doppler. 4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of…

…a fractional excretion of urea below 35 % is a better alternative. Follow up At an eGFR below 60, or in the presence of albuminuria: check…

…ACS, AF may be present before the acute event, detected for the first time during its management, or arise during the course of treatment. Even…