…present. • Can be given as a bolus. • Effective if bradycardia is caused by beta blockers. Dopamine Dopamine receptor agonist, α and β agonist Infusion of…

…blood flow is maintained (for example, high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation or partial ROSC), the midbrain may receive enough oxygen to preserve some pupillary reflex. Importantly…

…of an epicardial coronary artery (i.e. STEMI), pathological Q waves can develop already within 2 hours after the onset of infarction. The presence of…

…The absence of symptoms indicates that the bradycardia is compensated by an increase in stroke volume. Symptomatic bradycardia may present with chronic or acute symptoms…

…I C If time from symptom onset is 12 h, a primary PCI strategy is indicated in the presence of ongoing ischemic symptoms, haemodynamic instability…

…electrosurgery. EMI may produce inappropriate sensing, activation of rate responsive functions, device resetting, inhibition of pacing, inappropriate ICD therapy, or, less commonly, device damage. Oversensing…

…heart failure or after myocardial infarction). Ventricular arrhythmias are easier to induce in the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. A substrate is defined as a physiological…

…ACS is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment…

…without the presence of acute atherothrombosis. Type 3 MI: Describes cardiac death in patients with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia and presumed new ischaemic ECG…

… Is the clinical likelihood of true NSTE ACS low enough that non invasive evaluation is more appropriate? The presence of extensive comorbidity may alter the…

…dyspnoea, and the presence of risk factors or previously identified coronary calcification. Age and sex remain important determinants of the expected prevalence of obstructive CAD…

…factors. Plaque erosion Plaque erosion is increasingly recognized and is present in at least one third of acute coronary syndromes in the cited material. Eroded…

…be ignored. The most common situation is when assessing aortic stenosis in the presence of a narrowing of the LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract). Such…

CPR Pneumothorax Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in…

…Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO, rather than rigid ECG thresholds…

…small amount of serous fluid which acts as a lubricant that prevents friction during ventricular contraction and relaxation. Pericardial effusion is the presence of an…

…with oxygen demands. Depending on several factors– including the severity of the stenosis/occlusion, microvascular function, myocardial oxygen extraction, presence of collateral circulation, etc –ischemia…

…acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in the presence of inflammation Transferrin saturation 15–50 % < 15 % indicates iron deficiency…

…or a very strong clinical suspicion. 3. Give intravenous calcium in the presence of hyperkalaemic ECG changes or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…legs and feet. A systolic blood pressure difference between the arms exceeding 15 mmHg is associated with a 50% higher risk of cardiovascular death. Bilateral…

…of painless or silent STEMIs is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less…

…first choice, but today the majority of patients can only be assessed using echocardiography. A common question is the presence of right ventricular load. This…

…progression of right heart failure may indicate the need for inodilator therapy. Furthermore, acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant…

…vascular stiffening, and distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type…

…pathways. Proarrhythmic events occur in 5% to 10% of patients receiving antiarrhythmic agents, and this risk is amplified in the presence of heart failure. Clinical…

…either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in the presence of abnormal clinical risk assessment. Low risk PE is characterized by…

…active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells normally regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette…

…with symptoms having all of the traditional aggravating and relieving characteristics of angina; many patients report less characteristic symptoms, while others present primarily with exertional…

…may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to…

…The need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two…

…leads generally indicates very severe ischemia [15]. A key distinguishing feature of ischemic ST elevation is the presence of prominent reciprocal ST depression [4]. Furthermore…

…greater likelihood of coronary artery disease, which is present in approximately 50–60% of patients. Conversely, atrial fibrillation and non cardiac comorbidities are less frequent…

…neurological deficits. Neurological involvement Hypertensive encephalopathy may present with somnolence, lethargy, tonic–clonic seizures, cortical blindness, and, in advanced cases, loss of consciousness. Focal neurological…

…Evaluation should establish: The triglyceride concentration and whether the sample was fasting or non fasting. The presence of ASCVD, peripheral arterial disease or aortic disease…

…and V6; occasional RS pattern in V5 and V6 [3] Presence of LVH pattern; slurring and notching of the tall R wave upstroke [3, 7…

…on lesion location, severity, length, the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation. Flow limitation may be clinically silent, manifest as exertional symptoms, or progress…

…clinical descriptions. It may be present intermittently during the illness and, in some series, is reported in up to approximately one third of patients. Its…

…setting of acute or chronic heart failure are often better categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type 2 MI frequently present…

…considered less effective than thoracotomy. This is because it does not ensure complete drainage of the pericardium, and needles or catheters are at risk of…

…the components of the ventricular conduction system, including the right bundle branch (RBBB). In the presence of right bundle branch block, depolarization of the right…

…the presence of at least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does not provide the individual ARC HBR criteria. Modification of…

…myocardial oxygen requirements, principally through increased heart rate and contractility. In the presence of a flow limiting coronary stenosis, supply cannot increase adequately. Ischaemia begins…

…axis is a valuable diagnostic step. While a normal ECG does not definitively exclude PH, the presence of RAD significantly raises the clinical suspicion [9]

…this combination is associated with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), in non obstructive coronary arteries…

…The inhibition of pacing is appropriate when there is intrinsic cardiac activity; the presence of spontaneous atrial or ventricular activity should inhibit pacing in the…

…The presence of ecotdense masses on valves should lead to suspicion of endocarditis (the masses are vegetations). The risk of endocarditis is especially high for…

…referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect…

…foci of infection. Vegetations can be found on the flaps and appear as moving masses. Mural vegetations are attached to the endocardium and, accordingly, less…

…acute myocardial infarction in order to assess the presence of myocardial ischemia, evaluate angina pectoris, evaluate exercise performance, evaluate the effect of interventions and medications…

…for careful consideration of contraindications. Contraindications may be absolute or relative. Briefly, exercise stress testing must not be performed in the presence of absolute contraindications…

…To address these challenges, researchers have developed ECG criteria designed to identify ischemia in the presence of left bundle branch block. The most widely recognized…

…R wave in V5 and V6. Secondary ST T changes occur invariably in the presence of LBBB. The following ECG criteria and characteristics are used…

…and a highly inflamed fibrous cap measuring less than 65 micrometers in thickness. Macrophage derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the interstitial collagen of the cap…

…and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Pulses are absent distal to the obstruction, although Doppler examination may detect residual arterial flow in less advanced disease…

…is present without anatomical or physiological criteria supporting revascularisation. Evaluation and Physical Examination Assessment should establish both clinical risk and the feasibility of complete revascularisation…

…multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus presence. These factors…

…0.5 or toe pressure < 30 mmHg. Decompensated heart failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute…

…a fractional excretion of urea below 35 % is a better alternative. Follow up At an eGFR below 60, or in the presence of albuminuria: check…

…ACS, AF may be present before the acute event, detected for the first time during its management, or arise during the course of treatment. Even…