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Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…food intake redistributes blood to the gastrointestinal tract which reduces blood availability in the heart. Symptoms of ischemic heart disease are generally not related to…

Anticoagulation Strategies in Atrial Fibrillation

…2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely, the 2023…

Paracentesis

Procedurer The commonest error in paracentesis is not performing it. Every patient admitted with ascites should undergo a diagnostic paracentesis , because spontaneous bacterial peritonitis often…

Acute vertigo: quick reference for HINTS and differential diagnosis

…antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of TiTrATE, in which Timing, Triggers And Targeted Examination guide…

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Choosing Anticoagulation

…The AF pattern, while recognising that pattern does not determine the anticoagulation indication. Previous stroke or TIA. The presence of mitral stenosis, a mechanical heart…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…e.g. myocardial remodeling in heart failure or after myocardial infarction). Ventricular arrhythmias are easier to induce in the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. A substrate…

Hypertriglyceridaemia: Management and Cardiovascular Risk

…not recommended in individuals with previous virological failure if it risks loss of suppression. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe specific…

Isoprenaline and Dopamine Infusions for Bradycardia

…toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

Interpretation of ECG after ROSC (Return of Spontaneous Circulation)

…Non specific ST depressions, T wave inversions (negative T waves) do not affect the management of cardiac arrest. Recurrent VT or VF after ROSC in…

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