…Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies across the clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal, persistent…

…persistent atrial fibrillation where rhythm control is the aim. Atrial flutter, which often converts at low energy and is difficult to terminate pharmacologically. Ectopic atrial…

…organized tachyarrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and hemodynamically compromising ventricular tachycardia, while defibrillation (unsynchronized shock) is reserved for ventricular fibrillation…

…resulting in increased AV block. Sinus node dysfunction can be caused by supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (e.g. atrial fibrillation). Typically, periods of sinus node dysfunction occur…

…MI. Persistent elevation without a significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked…

…effective only when the patient is in sinus rhythm. Its role in atrial fibrillation remains uncertain, although it may have a rate reducing effect in…

…TABLE 1. SOURCES OF CARDIAC EMBOLI AND EMBOLIC POTENTIAL HIGH EMBOLIC POTENTIAL Atrial arrhythmias — especially atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Ischemic heart disease Both acute…

…cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking…

…threatening arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic drugs Disopyramide Indications Prophylaxis and treatment of symptomatic ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Prophylaxis and treatment of atrial fibrillation. Effects of disopyramide on ECG, heart…

…from sudden cardiac death. Atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the fifth decade of life in several family members. Imaging studies did not…