…of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease…

…perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent symptoms…

…hypertrophy, or echocardiographic evidence of impaired filling, make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms in…

…conventional hypertension threshold. The traditional diagnostic threshold of 140/90 mmHg derives from epidemiological observations associating pressures above this level with increased mortality. Contemporary management…

Cardiology Diagnosis and treatment of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia) Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic instability Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should…

…updated. For example, exercise stress testing is no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (i.e. CCS). The…

…troponin levels are normal in patients with NSTE ACS, the condition is classified as unstable angina (UA) . Please refer to Diagnostic Criteria for Myocardial Infarction…

…in patients with structurally normal hearts [2] . Epidemiologically, BrS is responsible for up to 20% of sudden cardiac deaths in patients without structural heart disease…

…patients with carotid bruits, possible or known plaques, or stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be performed if there is suspicion of…