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Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in relation to VSR…

NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management

…both are due to partial (incomplete) coronary artery occlusions , which implies that there remains residual blood flow in the artery. Moreover, management of NSTEMI and…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…leading to rapid brainstem hypoxia. As a result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when…

Interpretation of myocardial perfusion images (Myocardial SPECT / PET)

…thinning, suggesting a more advanced level of ischemia or partial scarring. Severe defects : Defined by absent tracer uptake, with signal intensity comparable to background activity…

STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction): Diagnosis, ECG, Criteria, and Management

…acute phase of STEMI. Death due to ventricular dysfunction, or mechanical complications, is much less common in the acute phase. The chain of care in…

Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

…to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…the transition of air from anatomical dead space to functional alveolar space. Phase III (Alveolar Plateau) : ETCO 2 is the recorded CO 2 partial pressure…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…or partial, depending on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…digital block Anaesthetise from the dorsal aspect, one injection medial and one lateral to the base of the phalanx, 2–3 mL on each side…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…into: Complete intolerance: inability to tolerate any dose of any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL…

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