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Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…is: Sudden severe dyspnoea. Acute pulmonary oedema. Hypotension. Progressive heart failure. Cardiogenic shock. Complete transection of a papillary muscle may cause immediately overwhelming MR. Partial…

NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management

…Although ECG changes in NSTEMI and unstable angina have been discussed previously (refer to Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes, and Ischemia and the ST Segment…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

Interpretation of myocardial perfusion images (Myocardial SPECT / PET)

…Irreversible defects : Suggestive of infarction or scar tissue, where perfusion remains reduced under both conditions. Reverse redistribution : A less common pattern where defects appear worse…

STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction): Diagnosis, ECG, Criteria, and Management

…fibrillation cause the vast majority of all deaths in the acute phase of STEMI. Death due to ventricular dysfunction, or mechanical complications, is much less…

Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

…Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system (CNS) injuries might cause apnea…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) initiation ( Soar et al ). ETCO 2 trends can vary during CPR depending on various factors such as the cause of cardiac arrest…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…elevations on ECG. NSTE ACS is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…a drain Ingrown nail, severe or recurrent Partial nail avulsion, often with chemical matrix ablation A nail spicule that has split off Removal of the…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…any dose of any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon…

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