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Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…tamponade, and sudden: Loss of pulse. Loss of blood pressure. Loss of consciousness. Electromechanical dissociation or pulseless electrical activity despite ongoing sinus rhythm on the…

NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management

…infarction within 30 days if left untreated. Moreover, the pathophysiology of NSTEMI and unstable angina is very similar: both are due to partial (incomplete) coronary…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…a result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other…

Interpretation of myocardial perfusion images (Myocardial SPECT / PET)

…thickness, often indicative of early or mild ischemia. Moderate defects : Associated with wall thinning, suggesting a more advanced level of ischemia or partial scarring. Severe…

STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction): Diagnosis, ECG, Criteria, and Management

…typically involve partial occlusions, resulting in subendocardial ischemia and comparatively milder symptoms. For the same reason, patients with STEMI are at higher risk of life…

Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

…refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…Alveolar Plateau) : ETCO 2 is the recorded CO 2 partial pressure just before the next inspiration. Phase 0 : Indicates the beginning of the next inspiration…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…without significant ST segment elevations on ECG. NSTE ACS is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…severe or recurrent Partial nail avulsion, often with chemical matrix ablation A nail spicule that has split off Removal of the spicule A painful subungual…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…divided clinically into: Complete intolerance: inability to tolerate any dose of any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient…

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