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Lipoprotein(a): Measurement and Clinical Implications

…associated with venous thromboembolism in prospective epidemiological studies. Its biological effects appear to differ from those of LDL, and elevated Lp(a) may confer greater…

Amiodarone: Loading, Maintenance Dosing and Monitoring Schedule

…hepatic metabolism, yielding desethylamiodarone as a major active metabolite. Both the parent drug and its metabolite accumulate extensively in various tissues, including the liver, lung…

Pediatric aspects of ECG leads & anatomy

…children (even the youngest) can be distracted by a parent or other personnel. Distracting the child during ECG recording may be recommended to reduce muscle…

Familial and Genetic Screening in Premature Cardiovascular Disease

…cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However…

🟠 Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography

…as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Echocardiography provides a non invasive, accessible method to calculate this ratio…

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusions: Indications and Outcomes

…diagnostic angiography. Collateral vessels may maintain distal perfusion and permit visualization of the vessel beyond the occlusion when the patent donor artery is injected. The…

The ECG in assessment of myocardial reperfusion

…the ST segment is normalized within one hour, and this confirms that the coronary artery flow is patent. The rapid ST segment return is explained…

Nasogastric tube

…larynx. Procedure 1. Inspect both nasal passages and choose the more patent one. Ask the patient about a previous nasal fracture or unilateral nasal obstruction…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…years are an important clue to HoFH, especially when both parents have untreated LDL C levels compatible with HeFH. Evaluation and physical examination Assessment begins…

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