…usually retinal haemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots or papilloedema. Intravenous treatment is required if there is concomitant acute life threatening organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy…

…and brain. Its clinical retinal signature includes flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and papilloedema. Associated complications may include encephalopathy, acute heart failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation…

…known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, coagulation status and an up to date…