…and 25 micrograms/hour to approximately 40–50 mg of oral morphine per day. Patches have no place in acute, unstable pain: the onset takes…

…remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations…

…and an undiluted syringe of 10 mg/mL makes small adjustments impossible. Procedure Intravenous titration in acute severe pain Practical points during titration: Give the…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Use of ECG in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical…

…treatment review. For a fuller account of two of the commonest acute drug problems, see Warfarin therapy and Opioid therapy in severe pain. Cardiac arrest…

…and a history of pain exacerbation with inspiration, along with a pleural friction rub, helps differentiate it from angina pectoris [5]. 5. Pulmonary Hypertension Pain…

…incorporated. In symptomatic individuals without known CAD, newer clinical prediction algorithms are preferred over older approaches based solely on age, sex and typicality of symptoms…

…in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above. It is important that history taking and…

…atherosclerosis (both in frequency and severity) which may compensate for the inability to reach their maximal heart rate. Ultimately, the specificity of exercise stress testing…

…for management of acute ischaemia. Those with possible ACS, a non diagnostic ECG, and normal initial troponin may be observed in a chest pain unit…