…Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause…

…in other reports. It is more frequent in women and in patients presenting with NSTEMI than in those presenting with STEMI. Approximately one third of…

…setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock most commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes…

…superimposed on the patient's baseline cardiovascular state. For instance, a patient with stable CAD may present with clinical manifestations of myocardial ischaemia following an…

…hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes, and serotonin. In patients with CAD, endothelial disruption may convert…

…and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood. Tissue factor within the plaque and…

…somewhere that makes incision in the emergency department the wrong move — in the hand, in the medial triangle of the face or perianally. Indications Fluctuant…

…begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring…

…Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood…

…shock, hypoxia and any other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded…