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Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated…

Edrophonium test

…other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real. Hypotension and haemodynamic instability. Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis. Distinguish the conditions…

Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state: quick reference

…advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic conditions. Treatment must…

ACE Inhibitor Cough and Angioedema: Practical Management

…and other tachykinins, such as substance P. When ACE is inhibited, the resulting accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory tract…

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: quick reference

…is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic…

Interpretation of neonatal and pediatric electrocardiograms (ECG)

…mentioned below are discussed in detail in other chapters, to which links are provided throughout the text. Heart rate During the first week of life…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or…

Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…However, most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy…

Acute coronary syndrome: quick reference for loading doses and time targets

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

Soft tissue corticosteroid injection

…10–20 mg 20–40 mg 1–2 mL The doses follow the summaries of product characteristics: Lederspan specifies 10–20 mg periarticularly in bursitis…

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