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Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management

…features of Brugada syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other…

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: quick reference

…the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the differential diagnosis includes oesophagitis, gastritis, a Mallory Weiss tear, a Dieulafoy lesion, angiodysplasia, malignancy and an…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…underlying cause is often serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, in the first place, an echocardiographic examination is done…

Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview

…Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or…

Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…In the vast majority of cases, the re entry circuit in atrial flutter is located in the right atrium and it typically loops around the…

Acute coronary syndrome: quick reference for loading doses and time targets

…begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring…

Soft tissue corticosteroid injection

…treatment — modification of loading, eccentric exercise, an NSAID, an orthosis — has not given a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection…

Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction

…Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational…

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