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Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…Female specific and female predominant risk factors Risk assessment should include reproductive and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later…

ApoB and Non-HDL Cholesterol in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

…deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin, so biomarker interpretation must be integrated with the clinical history, ECG, and…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…thrombus can fragment, embolize to other coronary branches or vascular beds, propagate through gaps between stent struts, and compromise the treated lumen. Conventional angiography has…

Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult…

Acute coronary syndrome: quick reference for loading doses and time targets

…the emergency department and the PCI laboratory may differ between Swedish regions. Always follow the local PCI and thrombolysis protocol where it specifies another approved…

Soft tissue corticosteroid injection

…characteristics: Lederspan specifies 10–20 mg periarticularly in bursitis, tendinitis, tenosynovitis and epicondylitis, and Depo Medrol 4–30 mg into a bursa and 4–40…

Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction

…sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI. QTc prolongation The QT…

Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…present Factors that may be contributing to elevated blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac…

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