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Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…conclusions. Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic…

ApoB and Non-HDL Cholesterol in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

…deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin, so biomarker interpretation…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…metabolic syndrome, in which adiposity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, CKD and CVD reinforce one another. Dysfunctional adipose tissue contributes to inflammatory and metabolic abnormalities, while…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled. The temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich…

Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…be blocked. The degree of blocking in the atrioventricular node is specified by counting the number of flutter waves preceding each QRS complex. If 3…

Acute coronary syndrome: quick reference for loading doses and time targets

…NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical…

Soft tissue corticosteroid injection

…Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint prosthesis in the adjacent joint…

Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction

…criteria specific to R wave progression. Figure 1. Pathological R wave progression is indicative of previous myocardial infarction. U wave changes New U waves (in…

Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or referred hypertension…

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