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Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…premature menopause and subsequent hypertension or diabetes are insufficient to support firm conclusions. Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…reaction 0.37 Haemodynamic complications 0.26 Cardiac chamber perforation 0.03 Other complications 0.28 Total major complications 1.70 In another large diagnostic…

Anticoagulation Strategies in Atrial Fibrillation

…absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely, the 2023 ACC/AHA guidelines retain the "VASc" nomenclature but clarify that female sex…

Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview

…herpes zoster pain are other considerations when assessing chest pain [2]. Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…In untreated HeFH, CAD commonly develops during the third or fourth decade in males and approximately 10 years later in females. Untreated HoFH is associated…

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Choosing Anticoagulation

…1 Prior stroke or TIA 2 Vascular disease 1 Age 65–74 years 1 Female sex 1 Bleeding risk must be considered alongside thromboembolic risk…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled. The temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich…

Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

Acute coronary syndrome: quick reference for loading doses and time targets

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

Soft tissue corticosteroid injection

…a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint…

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