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Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…or non cardiac . The term “atypical” is discouraged because it may understate the possibility of ischaemia. A focused history should establish: Quality of the discomfort…

Left Ventricular Segments for Echocardiography and Cardiac Imaging

…mid cavity , and apical . These three parts are divided into a total of 17 segments (Figure 1). Six basal segments, constituting 35% of myocardial mass…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…clinical examination, blood tests and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anatomy of…

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and ECG Criteria

…Epigastric or subxiphoid pain may be mistaken for indigestion. Associated manifestations include: Sweating Nausea and vomiting Anxiety A sense of impending doom When STEMI begins…

Cardiac tumors

…on the coronary arteries. The tumors can be asymptomatic for a long time and be detected randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of…

ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-waves

…None All other leads ≥0,03 s and ≥1 mm deep (or QS complex) Individuals with electrical axis 60–90° often display a small q…

Introduction to exercise stress testing (treadmill test, exercise ECG)

…as exercise ECG or exercise tolerance test . Because the vast majority of all exercise stress tests in the United States are performed using a treadmill…

Assessing left ventricular systolic function

…in subsequent chapters. Stroke volume (SV) Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta during systole. It is…

Foreign body in the ear and nose

…than a routine referral being made. Two or more magnets constitute the same kind of urgency by a different mechanism. They attract one another through…

Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction

…accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI. QTc prolongation The QT (QTc) interval may be prolonged, shortened or…

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