…upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents…

…4. Measure the blood pressure in both arms at the first assessment, particularly in chest pain, back pain or suspected acute aortic syndrome. 5. Use…

…generates reflections with high amplitude and low Doppler shift. To analyze reflections from the myocardium, the ultrasound machine filters out all other reflected sound waves…

…accumulates in the pericardial space. Intrapericardial pressure may reach the point where the ventricles and atria can no longer relax normally, and the ventricles may…

…With ultrasound guidance, the point at which the fluid lies most superficially is chosen and the needle is followed all the way in, which has…

…refraction, directing the ultrasound to an area interrogated simultaneously by other sound waves (Figure 6). The refracted ultrasound is then reflected back to the lens…

…among these patients, roughly 10% have hemodynamically significant right ventricular infarction. Hemodynamic effects of right ventricular infarction include low cardiac output, hypotension, sensitivity to drugs…

…cardiac arrest ( Yan et al ). The low survival reflects the sudden and hyperacute nature of the condition. This has prompted researchers to develop strategies and…

…ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes…

Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing…