…in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia…

…particularly in iatrogenic aortic injury. Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared…

…to a single lesion. Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary…

…alter the local vascular environment. The extracellular matrix is an active component of lesion development rather than merely a structural scaffold. Smooth muscle cells and…

…in patients with diabetes. The haemodynamic consequences depend on lesion location, severity, length, the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation. Flow limitation may be…

…acetylsalicylic acid at the first sign of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit…

…Other anti inflammatory strategies have produced less favourable results. Canakinumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin 1β, provided proof of concept but was not…

…lesions Embolic debris obstructs the distal microcirculation and may be accompanied by microvascular constriction and endothelial or myocardial injury. Antithrombotic therapy may reduce embolization of…

…mitral valve apparatus. These lesions can cause acute severe regurgitation, a left to right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac output. Their recognition…

…infarction rates. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation is determined primarily by the ACS syndrome and the haemodynamic consequences of the culprit lesion. Patients…