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ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…into the intima via diapedesis, and differentiate into tissue macrophages under the influence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF) [4] . These macrophages express scavenger…

Leg ulcers — wound debridement and compression therapy

…closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy and technically difficult PCI. For peri procedural stroke specifically, advanced age…

Cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Infectious diseases Cardiovascular effects of COVID 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…after coronary occlusion and progress over time. Experimentally, necrosis advances from the subendocardium towards the subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury…

Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries: Causes, Work-up and Management

…in which the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…association with other procedural complications, including distal embolization, coronary dissection, perforation, and abrupt closure. The clinical consequences depend heavily on the amount of viable myocardium…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Assessment and Prevention

…many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The…

Coronary Anomalies and Myocardial Bridging

…Other congenital anomalies include anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and anomalous origin of one coronary artery from the opposite aortic…

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