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Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other…

Delirium in older adults: quick reference

…hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…resolution does not consistently permit identification of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…of acute myocardial infarction Procedural and mechanical Stent underexpansion, incomplete wall apposition, residual inflow or outflow disease, edge dissection, overlapping stents, crush technique, stent fracture…

Advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - Advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS)

…treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is much higher or uncertain, meaning that the efficacy of these interventions is much lower or uncertain. Indeed…

NSTEMI: Risk Stratification and Timing of the Invasive Strategy

…diagnosis of NSTE ACS and a high probability of unstable angina (UA), and patients whose initial findings are less definitive. The defining electrocardiographic feature is…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…extend beyond the end of the couch when laid down. 2. Turn the head 45° to the right. 3. Support the head and lay the…

ECG Criteria for STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction)

…segment depression is a common and early electrocardiographic sign of acute pericarditis, reflecting pericardial involvement overlying the atria [4, 5]. Other Differential Diagnoses ST segment…

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management

…oxygen supply and demand, which is not related to acute coronary atherothrombosis. By definition, acute atherothrombotic plaque disruption is not a feature of Type 2…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with severe hypertension. The decision to lower BP in…

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