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🟠 CHADS-VA Bleeding Risk Score

…chadsva] The CHA₂DS₂ VA score has superseded the CHA₂DS₂ VASc score. As of 2025, it is recommended to use the CHA₂DS₂ VA score for stroke…

Cryotherapy of skin lesions

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

Smoking Cessation: Pharmacotherapy and Cardiovascular Benefit

…and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those who…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

…its major complications—including myocardial infarction, unstable angina and stroke—may occur abruptly and without preceding warning. Initiation and progression of the fatty streak The…

Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a higher risk of complications than patients…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…association with other procedural complications, including distal embolization, coronary dissection, perforation, and abrupt closure. The clinical consequences depend heavily on the amount of viable myocardium…

Cardiac tumors

…for a long time and be detected randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of symptoms can be seen in arrhythmogenic tumors of the…

Atrial fibrillation: ECG, classification, causes, risk factors & management

…arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is usually a progressive disease. Complications of atrial fibrillation and…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…of the stent, stent diameter less than 3 mm, long stent length Large thrombotic burdens increase procedural risk because thrombus can fragment, embolize to other…

Empirical antibiotic therapy: quick reference for common infections

…applies where you work. They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick…

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