…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

…the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory…

…3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 4 IV Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen…

…may coexist, and certain disease entities can span both categories; for example, acute heart failure may occur in the context of acute myocardial ischaemia, though…

…cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism, trauma, respiratory causes…

…raise serum sodium by a maximum 8 mEq/L in the first 24 hours. Hyponatremia of unknown duration : These cases are managed as chronic hyponatremia…

…chronic. The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in…

…75 mL/min/1.73 m², the probability of coronary artery disease (CAD) increases in an approximately linear manner. At an eGFR of 15 mL…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for…

…2019/2020 ), in which stable coronary artery disease is part of the broader syndrome of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) . This syndrome includes six clinical manifestations…

…2019/2020 ), in which stable coronary artery disease is part of the broader syndrome of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) . This syndrome includes six clinical manifestations…

…taken at the next regular time. Use with caution in patients with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea has been reported in patients treated…

…caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common. The figure 80% occurs in most textbooks in the field…

…Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant…

…after PCI; reduce recurrent atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term…

…In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease…

…smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit…

…in clinical practice. Chronic flutter is, however, very rare. Thus, as compared with atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter is not capable of persisting for longer periods…

…mass — the elderly, the undernourished, amputees, patients with hepatic cirrhosis — creatinine based eGFR substantially overestimates renal function. Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description…

…Manifestations include angina, other chest discomfort, dyspnoea, or no symptoms. Although chronic coronary disease may remain stable for prolonged periods, it can progress or destabilize…

…chronic coronary syndromes, coronary revascularization, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, and peripheral arterial disease. Heart failure is also considered established clinical CVD in the risk based…

…treatment in coronary disease has principally involved two populations: Patients recently recovering from myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome. Patients with stable or chronic atherosclerotic…

…of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a higher burden of comorbidity and an increased risk of in hospital complications, including…

…difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease…

…important differences in ischemic events or stent thrombosis. Stable coronary disease and elective PCI For chronic coronary syndromes treated with elective PCI, the standard DAPT…

…In chronic coronary disease, the principal symptomatic indication for revascularization is angina that remains refractory despite medical therapy when significant stenoses are anatomically or physiologically…

…the symptoms generally do not resolve simply with cessation of activity, unlike typical exertional angina. A precipitating factor is identifiable in up to one half…

…revascularization Infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis…

…vascular disease progresses. Many patients presenting with CVD have previously undiagnosed diabetes; systematic screening for diabetes is therefore recommended in patients with CVD. The clinical…

…chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the…

…Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:516 525 Indications Severe left ventricular failure, acute or chronic…

…over the following 24 to 48 hours [3,4,6]. This is a general principle, not a universal target. Chronic hypertension shifts autoregulation in the…

…Palpate the pulses and measure the ankle brachial index with Doppler. 4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds…

…may be clinically relevant in established cardiac disease. Alcohol also increases the rise in myocardial oxygen consumption associated with exercise. Chronic myocardial injury Long term…

…in older patients, emergency or urgent procedures, chronic kidney disease, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The…

…with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in the source material. The statin…

…restenosis refers to recurrent angina caused by disease in the treated segment. The clinical implications range from asymptomatic angiographic disease to chronic coronary syndrome (CCS)…

…proBNP concentrations than chronic, stable disease, and greater volume overload is usually associated with higher levels. However, this relationship is not universal. In ambulatory patients…

…of epicardial coronary artery disease (CAD). Assessing the haemodynamic significance of lesions whose angiographic severity is uncertain. Supporting decisions regarding revascularization and, in selected patients…

…main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary syndrome, revascularisation is particularly indicated when functionally significant disease produces persistent…

…mass index, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. Evaluation and Physical Examination The diagnostic assessment should establish that hypertension is genuine, identify potentially remediable causes, assess…

…tend to accompany each other. Therefore, the term perimyocarditis is often used in clinical practice (this article will use all three terms interchangeably). The etiology…

…million deaths annually worldwide. The most common cause of sudden cardiac death is acute or chronic coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Cardiomyopathies (dilated or…

…transcutaneous pacing in the setting of cardiac arrest has not demonstrated clear benefit. Long term pharmacological management of chronic sinus bradycardia with a pacemaker is…

…risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women…

…chronic lung disease, hypothyroidism, and amyloidosis. Furthermore, ongoing ischemia, hypomagnesemia, and moderate to severe renal impairment increase the likelihood of digitalis intoxication even at therapeutic…

…Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause…

…recommended in individuals with suspected chronic coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease, defined in the cited…

…diagnosed if the axis is between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration 0,12 s, provided that other causes of…

…diagnosed if the axis is between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration is 0,12 s, provided that other causes…

…is below the baseline, regardless of whether its other parts are above the baseline. T wave inversions are frequently misunderstood, particularly in the setting of…

…than a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly, leading to an acute…

…In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can occur rapidly after reperfusion, with recovery generally occurring within one week. By contrast, chronic hypoperfusion may result…

…in order to suggest ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease …

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical…