…during effective decongestion and overall clinical improvement does not necessarily indicate an adverse outcome. Classification of CKD CKD severity is classified by eGFR and albuminuria…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…coronary artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris : Symptoms appear primarily during exercise or other situations with increased myocardial…

…coronary artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris : Symptoms appear primarily during exercise or other situations with increased myocardial…

…other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary embolism, bleeding, stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories. Trauma…

…The biochemical grade alone does not indicate how acute the condition is. A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be…

…not administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other…

…therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia…

…other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately…

…be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals. Atrial flutter causes characteristic…

…3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 4 IV Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…Manifestations include angina, other chest discomfort, dyspnoea, or no symptoms. Although chronic coronary disease may remain stable for prolonged periods, it can progress or destabilize…

…familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic, rare lipid, or BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute coronary syndrome, chronic coronary…

…Other anti inflammatory strategies have produced less favourable results. Canakinumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin 1β, provided proof of concept but was not…

…PCI of chronic total occlusion lesions may improve angina and quality of life, but randomized trials have not demonstrated reductions in mortality or myocardial infarction…

…substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms…

…representation of patients with STEMI or other very high risk features. Noninferiority studies designed mainly around bleeding outcomes may not reliably exclude clinically important differences…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only by the epicardial obstruction but also…

…Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac…

…including chronic coronary syndromes and acute coronary syndromes HF across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD…

…in the brain, limbs or other organs. However, the increased risk in mortality is not completely explained by the increased risk of stroke; people with…

…pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia…

…without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is not affected by the concurrent use of beta blockers. The vasodilating effect reduces preload…

…This is a general principle, not a universal target. Chronic hypertension shifts autoregulation in the brain and kidneys towards higher pressures. Too rapid a normalisation…

…all chronic wounds are colonised, and a culture taken without clinical suspicion leads only to unnecessary antibiotics. 5. Biopsy any ulcer that has not healed…

…although the exact exposure threshold and duration required are not established. The source material identifies chronic intake of approximately 60 g daily in males and…

…reaction 0.37 Haemodynamic complications 0.26 Cardiac chamber perforation 0.03 Other complications 0.28 Total major complications 1.70 In another large diagnostic…

…patients with chronic coronary syndrome is: Lifestyle intervention and a maximally tolerated high intensity statin. Add ezetimibe if the LDL C goal is not achieved…

…although its resolution does not consistently permit identification of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may…

…cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP or NT proBNP may be markedly elevated even when overt congestion is not apparent…

…thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features that may not be evident on angiography alone…

…disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A proximal lesion jeopardizes…

…Other guideline formulations similarly define resistant hypertension as blood pressure above goal despite three or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes at maximally tolerated doses…

…it often holds true for cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not true in other circumstances (e.g…

…its etiology, severity (Table 2), and temporal onset. Distinguishing between acute and chronic hyponatremia, based on the rapidity of onset, is of paramount importance. The…

…However, it is often difficult to differentiate pericarditis and myocarditis, and they tend to accompany each other. Therefore, the term perimyocarditis is often used in…

…complex or T wave can be seen. This is pathognomonic (unique) to ventricular fibrillation and must not be confused with any other arrhythmia. Figure 1…

…of cardiac arrest has not demonstrated clear benefit. Long term pharmacological management of chronic sinus bradycardia with a pacemaker is usually not necessary unless sinus…

…are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women. Depression and anxiety are…

…also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of…

…intimal tear or flap. AAS is classified anatomically according to involvement of the ascending aorta: Stanford type A: involves the ascending aorta, with or without…

…Non obstructive coronary atherosclerosis not associated with demonstrable ischaemia may therefore remain undetected unless CT based coronary calcium assessment or another anatomical technique is added…

…axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction…

…axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction…

…negative if its terminal portion is below the baseline, regardless of whether its other parts are above the baseline. T wave inversions are frequently misunderstood…

…due to mechanisms other than myocardial ischaemia. Acute myocardial injury may arise from conditions such as sepsis, myocarditis, or takotsubo syndrome, while chronic myocardial injury…

…Thus, the presence of non obstructive epicardial arteries does not exclude a coronary cause of symptoms. CCS is a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently…

…picture may include: Symptoms attributable to chronic LV systolic dysfunction and HF Angina, although its absence does not exclude ischemic cardiomyopathy Symptoms related to recurrent…

…for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…