…kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…

…altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation…

…conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women. Depression and…

…Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

ECG Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

…the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation. Flow limitation may be clinically silent, manifest as exertional symptoms, or progress to chronic limb threatening ischaemia…

…the result of a perfect storm scenario , where ischemia, hemodynamics, the autonomous nervous system, electrolyte concentrations, and other factors (potentially also genetic predisposition) interact to…

…set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for…

…involvement Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A…

…injury may accompany numerous cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage…

…hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass…

…and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to exert several anti inflammatory effects relevant to coronary disease…

…chronic kidney disease, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by…

…Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause…

…main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery…

…is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…is applicable Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) Hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors…

Info Table 1 provides a summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary…

…coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of progression to chronic limb threat

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

…ultimately asystole and death is not an absolute rule. While it often holds true for cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease…

…after PCI; reduce recurrent atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term…

…potential causes of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a higher burden of comorbidity and an increased risk of in hospital…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…and blood supply, generally during exertion, emotional stress, or another stressor. Manifestations include angina, other chest discomfort, dyspnoea, or no symptoms. Although chronic coronary disease…

…or chronic kidney disease. Evaluation and Physical Examination The diagnostic assessment should establish that hypertension is genuine, identify potentially remediable causes, assess comorbidities and cardiovasc

…beats per minute. Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2…

…obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation…

…uncertain. Acute HF generally produces higher BNP and NT proBNP concentrations than chronic, stable disease, and greater volume overload is usually associated with higher levels…

…including chronic coronary syndromes and acute coronary syndromes HF across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD…

…Definition and Clinical Significance In stent restenosis (ISR) is recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form of arterial hyperplastic disease…

…with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of…

…million deaths annually worldwide. The most common cause of sudden cardiac death is acute or chronic coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Cardiomyopathies (dilated or…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…may coexist, and certain disease entities can span both categories; for example, acute heart failure may occur in the context of acute myocardial ischaemia, though…

…remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high…

…intraluminal mass and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features…

…available, PET MPI is recommended in individuals with suspected chronic coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease…

…hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, Addison's disease, renal insufficiency, therapeutic interventions with tamoxifen or lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. ECG in…

…evaluate for the presence of worsening renal function, advanced age, hypokalemia, chronic lung disease, hypothyroidism, and amyloidosis. Furthermore, ongoing ischemia, hypomagnesemia, and moderate to severe…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the…

…dominant manifestation of CAD. As LV dysfunction and HF become more prominent, angina may diminish or disappear. Others have no recognized history of angina or…

…how acute the condition is. A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be relatively unaffected, while a rapid fall from…

…inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only by the epicardial obstruction but also by the vulnerability of the…

…and thus the selection between them may be guided by individual patient needs rather than by a distinct advantage of one drug over the other…

…creatinine, acid–base status and signs of myocardial ischaemia must be monitored during treatment [4,6]. Important exceptions Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute…

…and measure the ankle brachial index with Doppler. 4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and…

…are two forms of pericarditis: acute and chronic. This article will focus on the former, as it has implications for all clinicians and the ECG…

…true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On the surface electrocardiogram, sinus bradycardia may appear at rates of 40 to 48 beats per…

…RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale…

…RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale…

…waves my occur when post ischemic T wave inversions are present. T wave inversions may actually become chronic after myocardial infarction. Normalization of T wave

…typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This causal relationship is supported by genetic, observational and…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes…

…pads if the patient is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood count, electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, high sensitivity troponin and…