…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…of the overall burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. SCORE2 is intended principally for adults aged 40–69 years, whereas SCORE2 OP is used in adults…

…risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women…

…in severe cases, periodic paralysis. Nevertheless, many patients are normokalaemic and have no distinctive symptoms attributable to aldosterone excess. Cardiovascular complications may dominate the presentation…

…elevated blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac, cerebrovascular, or renal disease The possibility of…

…Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin). Patients with gastrointestinal disorders…

…smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit…

…coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…approximately 1 in 250–300 people and is the most common inherited metabolic disorder associated with premature cardiovascular disease. Prevalence is higher in populations with…

…It is therefore a disorder of coronary microvascular perfusion rather than persistent obstruction of the treated epicardial segment. The phenomenon occurs in approximately 2%–3…

…and herpes zoster pain are other considerations when assessing chest pain [2]. Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…Acute cardiovascular effects Acute ethanol exposure has a negative inotropic effect and promotes peripheral vasodilation through reduced systemic vascular resistance. The resulting mild reduction in…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…of sinus rhythm in cohort studies. Obesity, reduced exercise capacity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia commonly coexist and should be considered part of the clinical cardiovascular phenotype…

…from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the…

…and proteinuria Neurohormonal activation Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the broader cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome, in which adiposity…

…in major cardiovascular events with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with either nuts or extra virgin olive oil compared with a low fat dietary pattern. The…

…in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open the airway. Figure 1. Methods to open the…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic…

…echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods includes echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance …

…bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with approximately a 25% reduction in recurrent infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death. In the cited evidence…

…less than 80% diagnoses chronotropic incompetence) Management of chronotropic incompetence Treatment of chronotropic incompetence and other bradyarrhythmias are discussed in the chapter Treatment of bradyarrhythmias.

…or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors; smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader assessment of peripheral…

…dose methotrexate did not reduce cardiovascular outcomes, and several other agents, including pexelizumab, losmapimod and darapladib, failed to demonstrate clinical benefit in the settings studied…

…agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease …

…anaemia and other nephrotoxic exposures may contribute to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of…

…had the privilige of attending a lecture given by professor Salim Yusuf of McMaster University. Professor Yusuf is the most cited researcher in cardiovascular medicine…

…for CABG over PCI in multivessel disease. A British Cardiovascular Intervention Society myocardial jeopardy score is an alternative method for estimating the extent and severity…

…despite multidrug treatment rather than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies in its association with: Increased cardiovascular disease risk; Greater risk of myocardial infarction…

…in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely, the 2023 ACC/AHA guidelines retain the "VASc" nomenclature but clarify that…

…important but several other parameters are equally important. In fact, a large body of evidence demonstrates that the strongest predictor of cardiovascular and overall mortality…

…KEY POINTS • The risk of cardiovascular disease increases gradually at blood pressure levels above 115/75 mm Hg. • A rise in blood pressure of 20…

…or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD…

…represents the average pressure within the arteries throughout a single cardiac cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is a critical parameter in cardiovascular physiology…

…illness, treatment, or other interventions. Frailty commonly overlaps with multimorbidity and is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and ischaemic heart disease…

…other LDL C lowering drugs, when additional LDL C reduction is required, including in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The…

…muscle. In other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as it was yesterday except that an electrical charge developed which fibrillated the heart…

…ST depressions, T wave changes) are typically concealed in the setting of LBBB. A patient with acute STEMI may therefore display a normal LBBB pattern…

…comparisons of serial examinations. If pathology is discovered during the standard examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted…

…muscle. In other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as it was yesterday except that an electrical charge developed which fibrillated the heart…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

…output : : : 1 A rise ≥ 26 µmol/L in 48 h, or 1.5–1.9 × the baseline < 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6…

…essential to reconfirm the rhythm in two leads if possible to distinguish true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On the surface electrocardiogram…

…use in adult patients is generally discouraged. However, it retains a specific niche in contemporary cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. The pharmacologic foundation of digoxin lies in its…

…used to identify thin cap fibroatheroma, a plaque phenotype associated with subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events in observational studies. OCT OCT uses near infrared light…

…Quantify the extent of myocardial involvement. Estimate major adverse cardiovascular event risk. Quantify myocardial blood flow when PET is used. SPECT is recommended in suspected…

…is a sophisticated art, even in the current era of artificial intelligence (AI). ECG interpretation requires a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and electrocardiology. Unfortunately…

…cardiovascular mortality in general. This is not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial and ventricular activity. Fortunately, the…

…to result in ventricular arrhythmia, it must coincide with other pro arrhythmogenic factors. The emergence of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation is, therefore, the result…

…exercise stress test Indications have been discussed in Introduction to Exercise ECG. The most common indications are as follows: Assessment of cardiovascular risk in screening…

…cause death and cardiovascular death, compared to patients without such disturbances, including those with RBBB and LBBB. This was reported in the Coronary Heart Disease…

…Dyspnoea is the most frequent symptom and may occur even in the absence of pulmonary congestion. Patients may obtain relief by sitting forward. Other symptoms…

…in several ways. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors can cause a hypertensive crisis through interactions, while venlafaxine and higher doses of bupropion, among others, can raise the…

…= .004 Other summaries of the trial describe a 14% reduction in the same composite outcome. There was no apparent reduction in cardiovascular death considered…

…in the chronic coronary syndrome lipid lowering recommendations. Acute coronary syndrome The period immediately following ACS is associated with particularly high risk of recurrent cardiovascular…

…Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand…

…in which an ischaemic or cardiometabolic cause is suspected. Selected asymptomatic individuals in whom coronary disease is detected incidentally or during cardiovascular risk assessment. The…

…in order to suggest ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other…

…antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent…