…sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive…

…the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization. Electrolyte disorders, acidosis, hypoxemia and ischemia…

…expected pCO₂ or HCO₃. A value outside the expected range means there is a further primary disorder 4 Is there a metabolic acidosis? Calculate the…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…including hypovolemia, hypoxia, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, preexisting acidosis, drug overdose, hypothermia, and hyperkalemia. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The clinical manifestation of bradycardia depends on…

…or reduced air entry Silent or nearly silent chest pCO₂ Low Usually low Normal or raised Other Moderate work of breathing Accessory muscle use Cyanosis…

…drowsiness or syncope oliguria a rising lactate or metabolic acidosis repeated fresh haematemesis haematochezia in combination with circulatory compromise a rapidly falling haemoglobin after fluid…

…electrolyte imbalances are clinically negligible (from an electrophysiological standpoint), whereas others may be life threatening. The most common and clinically most relevant electrolyte imbalances concern…

…2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis. A very high glucose value is no longer required [1]…

…of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI…