…and follow up. Risk groups: current or former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before…

…including depression and anxiety Social support and practical barriers to participation Occupational and sporting goals Current pharmacological treatment Early assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction…

…peak exercise capacity and the heart rate, blood pressure and symptom responses to exertion. These data can guide domestic, occupational, recreational and athletic activity counselling…

…or an intraventricular conduction defect. In severe cases, bradycardia may progress to hemodynamic instability, presenting as shock or cardiac arrest manifesting as bradyarrhythmic arrest, asystole…