…and form of the thrombus, it will occlude the main pulmonary artery or its branches. The larger the thrombus, the more proximal the occlusion and…

…showing the same branches as in panel A for cross modality comparison. Clinical features Occlusion of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) abruptly interrupts blood…

…alleviate ischemic chest pain may lead to hemodynamic collapse in patients with right ventricular ischemia or infarction. Recognizing ECG signs of right ventricular involvement is…

…a cerebral artery is occluded due to local atherothrombosis or occlusion due to embolization. Approximately 30% of all ischemic strokes are caused by cardiac embolism…

…abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood…

…that posterolateral and right ventricular infarction may occur simultaneously (if both territories are affected by the same artery occlusion). Approximately 30% of patients with posterolateral…

…left ventricular wall in over 90% of all individuals. Hence, a proximal occlusion (in the RCA) which cuts off blood flow to the right ventricle…

…The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction has occurred The extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right ventricular…

…waves ( Figure 2 shows right ventricular hypertrophy). The following rules will distinguish the two conditions in the vast majority of cases: Right ventricular hypertrophy shifts…

…block) means that the left ventricle will not be depolarized via the Purkinje network, but rather via spread of the depolarization from the right ventricle…

…T changes. Such ST T changes may mimic (simulate) or mask ischemia. Simulation of ischemia manifests as ST segment elevations in leads V1–V3, accompanied…

…In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or epicardial spasm may account for the ischaemia. STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously…

…colleagues in 2018. This approach seeks to anchor diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in the presence or absence of an acute coronary occlusion, rather than rigid…

…partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions and/or T…

…inversions (negative T waves) do not affect the management of cardiac arrest. Recurrent VT or VF after ROSC in a patient with a coronary risk…

…inversion of the T waves. These T waves are called post ischemic T waves and they indicate that the infarction process is more or less…

…the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However…

…4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis…

…occur when atherosclerotic plaques rupture or erode, leading to atherothrombosis and occlusion. This causes severe ischemia and the vast majority of patients experience angina pectoris…

…and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial…

…and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial…

…PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for…

…recurrent infarction, or acute coronary occlusion. Stent thrombosis may occur within hours or days of implantation or many months to years later. Recurrent chest pain…

…pathophysiology of refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease, chronic total occlusion, incomplete revascularization, or coronary…

…and crushing, though it may occasionally be reported as stabbing or burning. It resembles the discomfort of angina pectoris but typically occurs at rest, is…

… However, T wave inversions that are accompanied by ST segment deviation (either depression or elevation) is representative of ischemia (but in that scenario, it is…

…causing microvascular embolization (i.e occluding smaller vessels downstream). The thrombosis causes occlusion of the artery; blood flow may be partially or completely obstructed. Consequently…

…within an hour of arterial occlusion. The classic clinical constellation is remembered as the “six Ps”: Pain Paresthesia Pallor Pulselessness Poikilothermia, or coldness Paralysis Pain…

…opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not recommended [1,5]. STEMI criteria and occlusion…

…MI or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), ischaemic risk, bleeding risk, need for anticoagulation, and whether coronary stents are present. Clinical objectives of therapy The main…

…Prinzmetal or variant angina, is myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion…

…obtains 30% of its resting perfusion from collaterals, it may survive for 60 minutes in the case of a total occlusion or 5 hours in…

…is caused by a complete coronary artery occlusion, which results in the complete stop of blood flow and thus more extensive myocardial ischemia (referred to…

…NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA), is attributed to the greater extent of ischemia present in STEMI. In STEMI, a complete coronary artery occlusion leads to…

…immediate stenting or other procedural intervention. The clinical importance of the finding is related to the extent of myocardium at risk. Occlusion or impaired perfusion…

…primarily in the context of suspected acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial ischaemia. Patients may present with acute chest pain or chest pain equivalent symptoms…

…Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with extreme stress, such as car accidents, gun violence, threats, or any situation in which the…

…dissection with obstruction of the true lumen Occlusion of a major epicardial artery or bypass graft Side branch occlusion or thrombus Disruption of collateral flow…

…identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset, a late time window, or when thrombectomy…

…may be falsely normal because of medial sclerosis — in that case add toe pressure measurement. Absolute: ABI < 0.5 or toe pressure < 30…

…PCI of chronic total occlusion lesions may improve angina and quality of life, but randomized trials have not demonstrated reductions in mortality or myocardial infarction…

…encompasses several physiological states. Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can…

…apex (which is fixed to the diaphragm via the pericardial sack), while the myocardium travels towards the center of the cavity and the entire ventricle…

…left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions…

…occlusions of arteries in the brain, limbs or other organs. However, the increased risk in mortality is not completely explained by the increased risk of…

…linking). Concurrent activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS…

…women or three in men, or at least four drinks for women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of…