…coronary artery occlusion Left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion is a rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial…

…with large R waves ( Figure 2 shows right ventricular hypertrophy). The following rules will distinguish the two conditions in the vast majority of cases: Right…

…and form of the thrombus, it will occlude the main pulmonary artery or its branches. The larger the thrombus, the more proximal the occlusion and…

…lesions can cause acute severe regurgitation, a left to right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac output. Their recognition is essential because treatment…

…that posterolateral and right ventricular infarction may occur simultaneously (if both territories are affected by the same artery occlusion). Approximately 30% of patients with posterolateral…

…artery occlusion is located. The term culprit – which means "the guilty one" – is used to denote the occluded coronary artery. In the majority of cases…

…a cerebral artery is occluded due to local atherothrombosis or occlusion due to embolization. Approximately 30% of all ischemic strokes are caused by cardiac embolism…

…left ventricular wall in over 90% of all individuals. Hence, a proximal occlusion (in the RCA) which cuts off blood flow to the right ventricle…

…The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction has occurred The extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right ventricular…

…not be depolarized via the Purkinje network, but rather via spread of the depolarization from the right ventricle. The abnormal ventricular depolarization will cause an…

…substantial number of these patients had complete coronary artery occlusions, and outcomes improved when they were treated as acute STEMI cases. Management of left bundle…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and conceptual framework Acute coronary occlusion is the abrupt or progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce myocardial ischaemia…

…identification of acute coronary occlusion (Al Zaiti et al, 2023). The proposed transition from the traditional STEMI/NSTEMI/UA classification to the OMI/NOMI approach…

…without significant ST segment elevations on ECG. NSTE ACS is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely…

…acute total occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery (i.e. STEMI), pathological Q waves can develop already within 2 hours after the onset of infarction…

…infarction The ECG in the assessment of myocardial reperfusion The ECG is an invaluable tool to assess whether an occlusion has been resolved and blood…

…ESC), American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), and World Heart Federation (WHF) collaborated to redefine MI using a biochemical and clinical approach…

…after coronary occlusion and progress over time. Experimentally, necrosis advances from the subendocardium towards the subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury…

…with oxygen demands. Depending on several factors– including the severity of the stenosis/occlusion, microvascular function, myocardial oxygen extraction, presence of collateral circulation, etc –ischemia…

…and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial…

…and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial…

…PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age…

…diagnostic angiography. Collateral vessels may maintain distal perfusion and permit visualization of the vessel beyond the occlusion when the patent donor artery is injected. The…

…impaired flow into or out of the stent, stent diameter less than 3 mm, long stent length Large thrombotic burdens increase procedural risk because thrombus…

…with CAD. The pathophysiology of refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease, chronic total occlusion, incomplete…

…to thrombus formation and subsequent coronary occlusion. Plaque rupture typically involves a thin, collagen poor fibrous cap overlying a large lipid core with many macrophages…

…women, respectively, should be considered abnormal. A common cause of abnormally large T waves is hyperkalemia, which results in high, pointed and asymmetric T waves…

…Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque may also release atherosclerotic debris downstream, causing microvascular embolization (i.e occluding smaller vessels downstream). The thrombosis causes occlusion of…

…Clinical presentation and symptoms Symptoms commonly develop rapidly, often within an hour of arterial occlusion. The classic clinical constellation is remembered as the “six Ps…

…ischaemia, heart failure, electrical instability or a large area of myocardium at risk. Over 48 hours: urgent PCI is still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia…

…episodes of more severe myocardial ischemia. Collateral circulation may be very effective in reducing ischemia. Indeed, it may be so efficient that a total occlusion…

…is caused by a complete coronary artery occlusion, which results in the complete stop of blood flow and thus more extensive myocardial ischemia (referred to…

…greater extent of ischemia present in STEMI. In STEMI, a complete coronary artery occlusion leads to transmural ischemia, affecting a larger portion of the myocardium…

…clinical importance of the finding is related to the extent of myocardium at risk. Occlusion or impaired perfusion in a vessel supplying a large viable…

…or chest pain equivalent symptoms. The ECG assessment remains necessary even when symptoms have improved by the time of medical evaluation, because transient or evolving…

…no coronary artery occlusion can be identified. Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle…

…Stent thrombosis Graft occlusion after CABG No reflow despite removal of an apparent epicardial stenosis The clinical consequences depend on the amount of viable myocardium…

…CT of the brain and CT angiography from the aortic arch to the vertex. 8. Contact the thrombectomy centre immediately where large vessel occlusion is…

…and in patients with diabetes or renal failure the index may be falsely normal because of medial sclerosis — in that case add toe pressure measurement…

…total occlusion is an important predictor of incomplete anatomical revascularization with PCI. PCI of chronic total occlusion lesions may improve angina and quality of life…

…encompasses several physiological states. Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can…

…coronary artery occlusions. This is discussed in detail in the chapter NSTEMI (Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction). Orientation of myocardial fibers The orientation of myocardial…

…s predictive accuracy. The SYNTAX Score remains a cornerstone in the management of complex CAD, providing a structured approach to revascularization strategy. While it has…

…formation of thrombi in the left atrial appendage . Such thrombi may leave the appendage and enter the systemic circulation which causes thromboembolic occlusions of arteries…

…deposition, culminating in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non…

…or at least four drinks for women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism…