…threatening ischaemia (CLTI). Clinical presentation and symptoms Asymptomatic and atypical disease Fewer than half of patients with PAD have typical symptoms. Many have impaired walking…

…by rhabdomyolysis, with potential renal failure and increased mortality. Clinical presentation and symptoms Symptoms commonly develop rapidly, often within an hour of arterial occlusion. The…

…a more distinct transition from ST segment to T wave and lower T wave amplitude. The T wave should be concordant with the QRS complex…

…Earlier estimates approached 20%, whereas contemporary trials and observational databases report approximately 5–10%. Only about 10% of patients who develop shock present with it…

…unexplained drop in arterial pressure. Silent or unrecognized infarction occurs more often in patients without antecedent angina and in those with diabetes and hypertension. Of

…also supplies the inferior left ventricular wall in over 90% of all individuals. Hence, a proximal occlusion (in the RCA) which cuts off blood flow…

…involve partial occlusions, resulting in subendocardial ischemia and comparatively milder symptoms. For the same reason, patients with STEMI are at higher risk of life threatening…

…several hours of awakening has been described. Atypical and painless presentations Pain is not universal. Painless STEMI is more frequent in people with diabetes and…

…mortality and improve quality of life. These approaches are discussed further below. Symptoms of atrial fibrillation Approximately 25% of all individuals with atrial fibrillation are…

…heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial…

…including acute occlusions, subtotal stenoses, and discusses associated clinical presentations, prognostic implications, and management strategies. In the GRACE ECG substudy of 5000 patients with non…

…myocardial necrosis. It most commonly reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by platelet activation and coagulation, with formation of an intraluminal thrombus. The…

…artery occlusion is located. The term culprit – which means "the guilty one" – is used to denote the occluded coronary artery. In the majority of cases…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions…

…waves) do not affect the management of cardiac arrest. Recurrent VT or VF after ROSC in a patient with a coronary risk profile should lead…

…microcirculation. Indeed, studies show that 15–35% of patients with STE ACS/STEMI have inadequate microvascular flow despite patent epicardial blood flow. In such cases…

…19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery with myocardial necrosis. Although early clinical descriptions emerged at the dawn of the 20th century…

…a cerebral artery is occluded due to local atherothrombosis or occlusion due to embolization. Approximately 30% of all ischemic strokes are caused by cardiac embolism…

…subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury are influenced by collateral flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and intermittent occlusion with reperfusion. Prompt reperfusion…

…of the stenosis/occlusion, microvascular function, myocardial oxygen extraction, presence of collateral circulation, etc –ischemia may also develop during resting conditions. Indeed, in patients with…

…and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial…

…and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial…

…Additional features associated with greater difficulty include a previously failed attempt, a blunt proximal stump, vessel bending, calcification and an occlusion length of at least…

…with ACS. Clinical manifestations therefore commonly include recurrent myocardial ischaemia, recurrent infarction, or acute coronary occlusion. Stent thrombosis may occur within hours or days of…

…intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), after appropriate investigation has…

…requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia…

…cascade of hemodynamic alterations which may culminate in cardiac arrest. Pulmonary embolism is causally related to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Approximately 70% of individuals with…

…occur simultaneously (if both territories are affected by the same artery occlusion). Approximately 30% of patients with posterolateral infarction will also have right ventricular infarction…

…unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…defined. Proposed contributors include hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes, and serotonin. In patients with CAD…

…a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) would reduce the infarct size by 60%, as compared with directly occluding the…

…patients with acute coronary syndromes is permeated by the mantra time is myocardium, which refers to the progressive loss of myocytes following the occlusion of…

…segment. The phenomenon occurs in approximately 2%–3% of PCI procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), rotational…

…NSTEMI) since they present with ST segment depressions on the 12 lead ECG (recall that ST segment depression is the hallmark of NSTE ACS/NSTEMI…

…posterior infarction primarily in the context of suspected acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial ischaemia. Patients may present with acute chest pain or chest pain…

…research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with extreme stress, such as car accidents…

…represents impaired antegrade myocardial perfusion in the absence of a flow limiting epicardial stenosis. It is associated particularly with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts…

…The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset…

…DVT, varicose veins, claudication, diabetes, smoking, character of the pain. 2. Measure and trace the ulcer; photograph it with a ruler in the image. A…

…total occlusion is an important predictor of incomplete anatomical revascularization with PCI. PCI of chronic total occlusion lesions may improve angina and quality of life…

…coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can occur rapidly after reperfusion, with…

…Occurrence of upsloping ST segment depressions with prominent T waves in the majority of the chest leads may indicate an acute occlusion in the LAD…

…connective tissue and a very high density of capillaries. The muscle fibers are organized into several sheets that wrap around the ventricle with varying orientation…

…s predictive accuracy. The SYNTAX Score remains a cornerstone in the management of complex CAD, providing a structured approach to revascularization strategy. While it has…

…coronary artery occlusions, and outcomes improved when they were treated as acute STEMI cases. Management of left bundle branch block (LBBB) in patients with acute…

…linking). Concurrent activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS…